In language testing, what is a "broken sentence" item and an addition item? Please explain it to me with examples.

Broken
sentences and addition items are examples of different tasks that could appear on a
test.

In language testing, the use of broken sentences is a form of
slot-filling exercise that requires that the test taker completes a sentence with a fragment
that makes the most sense. This being said, the broken sentence is essentially an incomplete
sentence to be completed by the test taker with the correct option.

Often
these broken sentences would appear in an exercise such as: 

____________ are
examples of invertebrates.

a) snakes  b) lobsters  c) humans   f)
dogs.

An addition item is, as the term implies, the task of adding an answer
that makes sense. It could be combining sentences, filling in the blanks, or providing a short
answer to a question. Also known as Cloze Tests, they feature (for example) paragraphs with
several words removed. The test taker's task is to add the missing items.

The
difficulty of the task will denote whether the test taker will have a word bank to choose words
from, or not. These addition tasks are popular among language portions of tests such as ASVAB
(Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Test), Reading Comprehension tests, the TOEFL (Test of
English as a Foreign Language) and most college entrance exams. These tasks look for contextual
and textual understanding of words, phrases, and meanings.