Why does Charon dispute taking Dante on his boat?

In3, as
Dante and Virgil stand on the "melancholy shore" of the River Acheron, the last
barrier to their entrance into the underworld proper, Dante describes the approach of
Charon:

And here, advancing toward us, in a boat,/An aged
man--his hair was white with years--/was shouting: "Woe to you, corrupted souls! . . . .
And you approaching there, you living soul,/keep well away from these--they are the dead."
(3:82-90, Mandelbaum trans.)

Charon, the boatman,
sometimes depicted as a minor demon but more often just as a wild-looking old man, quickly
recognizes that among the dead waiting for transport to Hades is a living being, Dante.
 Charon's first reaction is to warn Dante that he is among the dead, who are drawn to the living
because they sense the spark of life around them and, as we see later in the poem, are actually
drawn to the warm blood of a living person (not like vampires but still to be
avoided).

Because Dante makes no move to step aside, Charon tells him
that

'Another way and other harbors--/not here--will bring
you passage to your shore:/a lighter craft will have to carry you.' (3:91-93, Mandelbaum
trans.)

Charon's reaction--believing that Dante is there
by mistake--is natural: not only is the Underworld reserved for the dead but there is also very
little precedent for a living being to journey to Hades and return to the upper world.  In
classical myth, we have only a few examples of the living making a journey to Hades and
returning--Aeneas in Virgil's Aeniad and Odysseus in
the Odyssey, for example.  Although Virgil belongs in this realm, Dante
does not.

After Virgil tells Charon that "our passage has been willed
above" (l. 95)--that is, by Beatrice as divine spokesperson--Charon returns to his main
task, which is to load the souls into his boat for their last passage, and he carries Virgil and
Dante to their unnatural visit to the Underworld.

Write a reflection regarding Rome's attempt at urban design. In other words, reflect in three paragraphs how this ancient empire was able to create a...

The
development of an overarching vision that applied to all cities was important within the Roman
Empire. Although Rome had long existed, the urban designers reworked key features as the
population grew; both the physical infrastructure and the empires social organization encouraged
migration to the city. In turn, the allocation of resources, including labor, to construction
facilitated an efficient construction process. The re-development of the capital co-existed with
the imposition of a singular vision on other imperial centers. A grid pattern, an extensive road
network, and the provision of potable water were all crucial features.

Both
for the ready mobility of troops and for provisioning the armies, a well-developed and
well-maintained road network was crucial. Military successes also included the enslavement of
the vanquished populations, which increased the labor force to be deployed to construction
projects. Along with the roads, the construction of aqueducts to move fresh water between places
was an important feature. In addition to the pipes and tunnels, massive bridges to support them
were also built.

The conquest mentality and emphasis on military prowess were
also emphasized in the growth of Rome as a city. Major thoroughfares and central plazas (fora)
featured statues of military heroes. Formerly exotic products from the newly conquered
territories were increasingly made available in the capital, where markets and public events
encouraged people to utilize the urban space rather than remain confined in their homes. The
construction of large venues, such as the Coliseum, and the spectacles held there further
brought people into the public sphere and fostered their sense of belonging to Rome. Managing
the peoples behavior in those spaces further required the elaboration of appropriate legal and
administrative measures.

href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Ancient_Rome.html?id=sRGIAgAAQBAJ">https://books.google.com/books/about/Ancient_Rome.html?id...

What does the King of Salem represent to Santiago in Coelho's The Alchemist?

The name of the
King of Salem is Melchizedek and he acts as Santiago's first mentor, teacher, or spiritual
guide. He is a person's introduction to learning about what a Personal Legend is and he helps
them to make the choice to follow it. He actually shows up in a person's life when she or he is
about to give up on their dreams and follow a life of "safety." Melchizedek reveals
that he doesn't always show up in person form, either. Not everyone gets to seem him as the King
of Salem. He tells the boy that he shows up as a good idea, sometimes, and makes decision making
easier on people. Not only that, but most people don't even realize that he's visited them and
helped them out. 

As Santiago decides to seek his Personal Legend, he looks
back on his encounter with Melchizedek fondly. He remembers the advice and gifts he was given
and they keep him motivated not to quit throughout the journey to Egypt.

In
the Bible, Melchizedek was a high priest who actually collected tithing from Abraham, the father
of the covenant in the Old Testament. For Coelho to select this high priest as Santiago's first
mentor in the book is an allegorical choice in itself. He is a very old figure who dates far
back in history. Coelho references this himself by saying the following:

"Melchizedek watched a small ship that was plowing its way out
of the port. He would never again see the boy, just as he had never seen Abraham again after
having charged him his one-tenth fee. That was his work"(33).

Choose four of the primary design principles of SOA and explain how they differ from the goals of traditional software development.

Service
loose coupling is the idea that the service is only loosely connected with dependent
applications or users. This maintains a level of separation and distinction to ensure that the
service is unchangeable and can't be restricted to the use of one subset of users. Most other
software is developed specifically for a client, or uses a database strictly defined by the
client. Service loose coupling ensures that the service is repeatable and reusable for multiple
clients.

Service abstraction is the obfuscation of the design architecture so
that the system seems seamless and impenetrable to the client. Most modern software is somewhat
visible to clients, especially if it was a software suite purchased with full adaptability by
the client so that they can tweak it.

Service autonomy is the function of
designing a service that does not rely on any other services or applications to run. This makes
a very robust system that is harder to hack or crash. This is difficult, since it is easier to
develop dependent systemsand so most software platforms are not autonomous.

Service discoverability is another design function. It is the ease and availability of
the program in a traditional search. Essentially, it means the service and its functions are in
plain text English, which is less common since most code is written with computer standards in
place, instead of regular linguistics.

Who is the most responsible for the failure of the revolution in animal farm and why?

In my opinion,
I think Benjamin, the donkey, was most responsible for the "failure of the
revolution." He was old, but he was experienced and educated. He could have given his
talents to the workers of the farm and taught them what was really going on with the Pigs and
all of the injustices that they suffered.  He's a symbol of one of the majorthat I
truly...

What are some similes used by Scout in To Kill a Mockingbird and to what do they refer? Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird

In describing
the sick, addicted, and dying Mrs. Dubose, to whomhas been given the assignment byof reading
each afternoon,employs original similes, to say the least:

She was horrible.  Her face was the color of a dirty pillowcase, and the corner of her
mouth glistened with wet, which inched like a glacier down the deep grooves
enclosing her chin.

 notices that Mrs.
Dubose's corrections of Jem have become fewer and fewer.  And, something has happened, for only
her head and shoulders are visible above her covers.  As her head moves from side to side, Scout
sees saliva collecting on her lips:

Her mouth seemed to
have a private existence of its own.  It worked separate and apart from the rest of her, out and
in, like a clam hole at low tide.

Occasionally
it would say, "Pt," like some viscous substance coming to a
boil.

 

What is contrapuntal reading, and how is it useful? Please explain with examples.

Edward
Said uses the concept of contrapuntal reading to mean looking at a given text in a different
way than the standard interpretation. This type of reading often involves taking a different
perspective than the author or, in a work of , one or more of the characters.

Contrapuntal, the adjectival form of counterpoint, draws on that musical technique.
It involves a conjunction of voices without an effort to make them harmonize. Rather, each voice
is distinct and equally weighted. It is generally associated with postcolonial interpretations
of texts written during the age of imperialism or about a Western power in relation to its
colonies.

One example from Saids work is an analysis of Jane Austens
Mansfield Park. Austen mentions that the Bertrams, an English family, owe
their wealth to the income from Caribbean sugar plantations. The lives of the well-to-do English
people about whom Austen generally writes are intimately connected with slavery, a fact that
largely goes unmentioned in regard to her work.

href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095635664">https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority...

Why are there so few guests at the funeral in Albert Camus's The Stranger?

Meursault
tells the reader his mother died in the first line of the novel. She was living at The Home for
Aged Persons in Marengo near Algiers and the reason there weren't many people at her funeral is
that, as they state on page 18, "it was a rule of the home that inmates shouldn't attend
funerals." In the end, aside from his mother's nurse, only Meursault and his mother's
"special friend" M. Perez attend.

The funeral and Meursault's
reaction to it becomes an essential part of the prosecution's case to convict him as a
coldhearted killer. The police claim that he showed "great callousness" at the
funeral, the undertaker says he didn't know his mother's age, and a warden says he left as soon
as the funeral ended. After it is proved he didn't shed a tear over his mother's death, his
girlfriend Celeste tells the court that she started her relationship with Mersault the day after
the funeral. To the court, it proves the Meursault is capable of murder.

Meursault finds it disappointing that his lawyer does not bring up the funeral in his
final address to the court. At that point, however, he is so numb that as he states
"everything was dissolving into a grayish watery haze."

The novel
ends with Meursault in prison waiting to be executed.

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What did Herbert Croly mean when he said, "That homogeneity [of our nation] has disappeared never to return"?

In this
passage, Croly refers to a "homogeneity of feeling" between Americans that was based
in social and economic realities. He argues that throughout most of the nation's history,
Americans, because socioeconomic divides were not very pronounced, generally viewed their place
within the nation in similar ways. They also agreed with each other, for the most part, on
cultural matters such as religion. Croly is concerned that the economic and social changes
associated with the late nineteenth century have shattered this homogeneity of feeling in a
number of different ways that would be recognizable to modern readers. There is a divide between
urban centers and rural areas, between different ethnicities, and especially within the working
classes and wealthy capitalists. This breach, he says, is permanent. The old sense of
homogeneity (which even some intellectuals of his own time rejected in any case) is not coming
back. Croly states the need for a new solidarity in order to maintain democracy, a
"comprehensive coherent democratic social ideal." He saw this new solidarity
proceeding from a strong national government, one which would regulate and control big
corporations, and which would take on a very activist role in dealing with the economy. He was
not advocating for socialism and indeed supported the concept of wage labor but believed that in
the absence of a strong, democratic centralized federal government, the country would split
apart under the social pressures created by the changes of the post-Civil War
era.

href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Promise_of_American_Life.html?id=3BASAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button">https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Promise_of_Ameri...

In The Stranger, why does society need Meursault to have felt grief at his mothers death?

The
Prosecutor is trying to show that Meursault is an unfeeling, nihilistic person with criminal
tendencies. Because Meursault is so indifferent to the rules of society, the Prosecutor has a
relatively easy time in doing so. Meursault's "society" would be more understanding if
Meursault behaved in ways that conform to their notions of how a compassionate human being
should behave. In other words, if Meursault had cried at his mother's funeral, society
(Meursault's peers) might have been more inclined to believe that killing the Arab was indeed an
accident. But since Meursault was so cold at his mother's funeral and since his behavior is so
odd in court, it is more difficult for them to believe that the murder was an
accident. 

The Prosecutor is well aware of this and well aware of the fact
that Meursault doesn't conform to society's rules and strictures of behavior. Meursault didn't
have a good relationship with his mother and that's why he felt little at her funeral. The
Prosecutor uses this as an opportunity to frame Meursault, not as an honest albeit dispassionate
individual, but as a cold individual clearly capable of murder. At the end of Part 2, Chapter 3,
the Prosecutor says this quite bluntly: 

"In
short," he concluded, speaking with great vehemence, "I accuse the prisoner of
behaving at his mother's funeral in a way that showed he was already a criminal at
heart." 

Seeing that Meursault felt no grief at his
mother's funeral, others find it hard to understand him and certainly they find it hard to
sympathize with him and consider that killing the Arab was a mistake. As the trial progresses,
the indictment becomes less about the actual crime and more an indictment about Meursault's
behavior and existential outlook on life. 

What inspires Santiago to become a shepherd in The Alchemist?

The desire to travel prompts
Santiago to be a shepherd.

Santiago's purpose is to travel.
 As a shepherd, he is a nomad.  He goes from place to place, and never settles down.

When Santiago was younger, his father told him that only rich people and shepherds were
able to travel.  The boy decided to become a shepherd.

His father gives him
his inheritance early to buy his flock.  The boy focuses on his sheep.  When he meets a
merchants daughter, he tells her about his sheep.

"Well, usually I learn more from my sheep than from books," he answered.
(1)

The only thing the sheep care about is food and
water.  They have complete trust in the boy, and have forgotten their own instincts in following
his lead.

When Santiago has a dream where a boy leads him to the Egyptian
pyramids for treasure, he begins his quest.  He meets a fortune teller and an Englishman, and
searches for his Personal Legend.  It is only once he has reached what he thought was his goal
that he realizes that the treasure is where he left it, at home.

Who is Amir's biological dad is The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, Baba or Ali? If Baba, then why does Amir refer to Ali as father?

I
think you mean to ask whether Hassan's biological father is Ali or Hassan. Amir's paternity is
never in question. However, Baba does tell Rahim Khan once that he wouldn't believe Amir was his
son if he hadn't seen Amir pulled from his wife's body when she gave birth. Baba says this
because he thinks that Amir and he have nothing in common; Baba is the legend who supposedly
wrestled a bear, and Amir is a sensitive, introspective writer who cannot defend himself or
Hassan. Despite this comment, we know that Baba is Amir's biological father.

Hassan's paternity, on the other hand, comes into question later in the novel, when
Amir returns to the Middle East as an adult at Rahim Khan's request. Rahim Khan is dying and
wants to give Amir the opportunity to redeem himself ("There is a way to be good
again."). During this conversation in Chapters 16 and 17, Rahim Khan reveals that both Ali
and Hassan are now dead, but that Hassan's son Sohrab is in an orphanage and needs Amir's help.
In order to motivate Amir to go to Kabul to save Sohrab, and thus, to amend for the wrongs
committed against Hassan when he and Amir were children, Rahim Khan reveals that Ali was sterile
and Baba is Hassan's biological father. Rahim Khan tells Amir that Ali was married once before
and after his wife left him, she had three children with another man; Ali was not able to
conceive a child. Amir struggles to understand but finally does infer that Baba was indeed
Hassan's father. Amir is furious that his father and Rahim Khan kept the truth from him and from
Hassan, who can now never know the truth; Amir accuses his father of committing the sin Baba had
told Amir was the worst of all: theft. Baba stole their right to the truth and stole Ali's honor
by sleeping with his wife. Rahim Khan explains that it wouldn't have been possible given the
social norms to have Hassan's paternity become common knowledge. Amir is now able to look back
on Baba's treatment of Hassan -- his always wanting to bring Hassan along when he and Amir were
going to spend time together, his buying Hassan expensive birthday presents like the harelip
surgery, his grief when Hassan and Ali left the house after Amir framed Hassan for stealing --
and understand why Baba went above and beyond what a master would normally do for a servant in
his treatment of Hassan, his biological son. 

Ali raised Hassan as his own,
and though it is never explicitly stated that he knew that the boy was not his biological son,
it is implied in the novel that he must have known he was sterile. After discovering that Hassan
is his half-brother, Amir's guilt at what he did as a child is amplified, as he now feels he is
responsible for his brother's death, too. This gives Amir the motivation to rescue Sohrab,
despite the many obstacles and hardships they both must endure, and eventually adopt him and
bring him to California at the end of the novel. 

what challenges does odysseus face on his journey back to ithica

Odysseus's
journey back to Ithaka at the end of the Trojan War is fraught with seemingly endless
difficulties, which he describes to his Phaiakian hosts in Book IX of the
Odyssey.

• After leaving Troy, Odysseus and his
  men land at Ismaros and raid the city there. They stay long enough for the inhabitants to muster
  a counterattack, and Odysseus loses many of his crew before they can flee the island.


• They sail for nine days, buffeted by storm winds, until arriving at the island of the
  Lotus Eaters. The lotus was used in the ancient world as a powerful narcotic, and the Lotus
  Eaters are addicted to it. Anyone who takes the drug becomes completely indifferent to life, and
  wishes only to have more and more lotus, forever. Three of Odysseus's men eat the lotus and he
  has to drag them back to his ships to get them off the island.
• The crew
  sail on to the land of the Kyklopes, where they encounter Polyphemos, who eats several of
  Odysseus's men before Odysseus manages to blind the giant by stabbing him in his one terrible
  eye. Unfortunately, as Odysseus makes his escape, he can't help letting Polyphemos know exactly
  who outwitted him, and Polyphemos calls upon his father, the god Poseidon, to curse Odysseus.
  Poseidon's wrath towards Odysseus causes Odysseus to eventually lose all his ships and crew and
  remain trapped on Calypso's island for years.
• The crew then sails to the
  island of Aiolos, the King of the Four Winds, who gives Odysseus a leather sack containing the
  winds, which Odysseus can use to drive his ships directly back to Ithaka. They are within
  landfall of the island when one of his men opens the leather sack and lets all the winds out at
  once. A terrible storm arises and blows the ships all off course, so Odysseus limps back to
  Aiolos and asks him if he can fill the leather sack again, but Aiolos refuses, saying Odysseus
  has clearly incurred the wrath of the gods.
• Making their painful way back
  toward Ithaka, this time with no winds at all in their sails, Odysseus's crew sails up a strange
  fjord in a silent country. Odysseus sends a scout out to see if there are any inhabitants who
  might spare them some food. Alas, they've come to the land of the Laistrygonians, vicious
  cannibals who pour out of the seemingly silent landscape and manage to kill most of Odysseus's
  crew before he can escape with just one ship.
• Odysseus and his remaining
  men next land on Aiaia, where the beautiful witch Kirke turns some of the men into pigs.
  Odysseus manages to overcome Kirke and forces her to undo her enchantment, and she becomes a
  friend and ally to him. They stay on Aiaia for a year to rest and recuperate before sailing
  onwards.
• Their next destination is the land of the dead, for Odysseus must
  speak to the ghost of Tireisias, the old blind prophet of Thebes, in order to determine how to
  get home to Ithaka. Odysseus speaks to many ghosts, including Tireisias, who warns him that
  whatever happens, his men must not eat the Cattle of the Sun.
• On their way
  back from the land of the dead, the crew stops at Aiaia again, and Kirke warns Odysseus of the
  perils of the Sirens, the monster Skylla, and the whirlpool Kharybdis.


• Odysseus takes Kirke's warnings to heart and manages to get past the deadly Sirens by
  blocking his men's ears with beeswax so they cannot hear the Sirens' song. The monster Skylla
  manages to eat several of Odysseus's men as they skirt the edge of the whirlpool Kharybdis, but
  this fate cannot be avoided.
• Having passed the monster, the ship lands at
  Thrinakia, where the Cattle of the Sun dwell. Odysseus warns the men never to kill these cattle,
  no matter how hungry they are, but once the food stores run out, the men get desperate, and kill
  the cattle and eat them. Odysseus immediately sets sail from the island, but his ship is
  destroyed by a lightning bolt, and he is the only survivor.
• Cast adrift on
  the ocean in a terrible storm, Odysseus washes up on the island of the nymph Calypso. She takes
  care of him and falls in love with him, and keeps him prisoner on her island for seven years.
  She only lets him go when the gods order her to. She gives Odysseus a raft and provisions, and
  Odysseus sets sail once again. He nearly drowns in a storm sent by Poseidon before washing up on
  the Phaiakian shore.

The Phaiakians give Odysseus food, shelter,
and many gifts and take him safely back to Ithaka in one of their own ships. It has taken
Odysseus ten full years to reach Ithaka's shore.

What is a summary of "Triceratops Herd Running"?

Dan
Schneider's trisonnet "Triceratops Herd Running" begins with an epigraph that
dedicates the poem to the late rock-star Chris Cornell, who died in 2017. The dedication is
critical to bear in mind because, while the literal contents of the poem are far removed from
the modern world, the thematic implications of Schneider's poetry are easy to connect to
Cornell's sudden death.

The poem is a trisonnet, or three individual sonnets
united by a singular theme or purpose. The three sonnets describe a herd of Triceratops
thundering across the plain in what is now Wyoming. The herd is mindless and driven by instinct.
A pack of "juvenile T. Rexes" pursue the hoard and see the Triceratops as "just
meat on horns." Both creatures are described as

victims of this driving primitive dance,
collective soulless minion of its
genes

In this opening sonnet, the speaker of the poem
presents an ordinary natural moment from millions of years in the past. There is no intelligence
in the life raging across...

I'm writing an essay for English on Shakespeare's Juluis Caesar. In act III scene 2, Antony addresses Caesar's body as the noblest man. Later, Antony...

Antony
does not seem to have changed his mind when he speaks of Brutus as the noblest Roman of them
all. It is actually in Act 3, Scene 1 that he addresses Caesar's body in a marvelous . He says
to the dead Caesar:

Thou art the ruins of the noblest
man
That ever lived in the tide of times.

Caesar
is, according to Antony, the noblest man that ever lived anywhere in the world. When he finds
himself victorious at the battle of Philippi and is viewing Brutus' dead body, he says to
Octavius:

This was the noblest Roman of them
all.
All the conspirators, save only he,
Did that they did in envy of great
Caesar;
He only, in a general honest thought
And common good to all, made one
of them.

In other words, Brutus is only relatively the
noblest Roman. He is the noblest of all the conspirators who assassinated
Caesar.

In 1984, what does Winston think about love and loyalty from the dream he has about the paperweight in Part 2 Chapter 7?

remembers
his dream as follows:

It was a vast, luminous dream in
which his whole life seemed to stretch out before him like a landscape on a summer evening after
rain. It had all occurred inside the glass paperweight, but the surface of the glass was the
dome of the sky, and inside the dome everything was flooded with clear soft light in which one
could see into interminable distances. The dream had also been comprehended byindeed, in some
sense it had consisted ina gesture of the arm made by his mother, and made again thirty years
later by the Jewish woman he had seen on the news film, trying to shelter the small boy from the
bullets, before the helicopter blew them both to pieces.

The paperweight is an important symbol. It represents the pockets of refuge and love in
Winston's life. We know that it symbolizes to Winston the room above Mr. Charrington's shop,
because Winston tell us this. Now, his dream leads him...

In "Young Goodman Brown," what is significant about the names of the title character and his wife?

In ","
Hawthorne uses the names of the two main characters for symbolic and allegorical purposes. Young
Goodman Brown's name, for example, helps to establish him as a typical, everyday sort of person.
His surname, for instance, is very common. It does not stand out in any way. In addition,  the
word, "Goodman," demonstrates that he is well-respected in the community and that he
is a good person. The word, "Young," is also symbolic of his youth and
innocence.

Similarly, by calling his wife, Faith, Hawthorne implies that she
is also a woman of good standing. She is pure, innocent, and devoted to the Puritan
faith.

Together, then, they are a typical, well-respected and well-behaved
Puritan couple.

Through a combination of the plot and the use of these names,
Hawthorne makes the point that anybody, even the most ordinary and pious of people, can be prone
to temptation and to the devil's influence. As a result, it transforms the story from a work
ofto an , a story with a deeper, moral message.    

What is the main conflict in the story "Hills Like White Elephants"?

In this
story, the American and the girl, Jig, are a couple in love who travel around, seemingly
carefree. And although this story consists mostly of dialogue and small talk, the couple are
actually having a debate on whether or not Jig should have an abortion. The man clearly wants
her to have the abortion because he does not want anything to interrupt their carefree,
traveling (yet somewhat empty) lifestyle. I mention empty because as Jig notes, "That's all
we do isn't it--look at things and try new drinks?" 

A white elephant is
something rare in nature. In certain religions (Buddhism) and cultures, it is sacred. The image
of the hill (womb) looking like a white elephant is Jig's way of saying this is something new
and perhaps promising even if it interrupts the lifestyle they've become accustomed to. The man
looks at the potential child as a burden. This is the main conflict. While he presumes to be
supportive of her decision, he is definitely pushing for her to have the abortion. She, on the
other hand, agonizes over the decision in order to make the best choice. The man wants to
continue their way of living. Symbolically, he wants to continue looking at hills as hills. But
with this pregnancy, the woman begins to see things differently. She dares to wonder about a
different kind of life. So, she starts seeing things differently. The hill looks like a white
elephant. It is something unexpected and perhaps something she (and he) should think about with
more consideration. 

How can using moles be useful in doing calculations in stoichiometry? Give at least two reasons.

Mole is a
reference to the number of units of a compound or substance, without having to breakdown and
account for every atom within the substance quantitatively.  It is an easier way to do
mathematical computations when calculating amounts of substances to react with amounts of other
substances.  It is...

List three animal metaphors used in Julius Caesar, act 1, scene 3.

In act I,
scene 3, Casca runs into Cicero on the streets of Rome and begins to tell him, in some
excitement, about the many portents that have lately been seen. These include the
following:

And yesterday the bird of night did
sit

Even at noon-day upon the marketplace,

Hooting
and shrieking

This "bird of night" is clearly
an owl: it is nocturnal and hoots. Casca insists it is an omen or sign of unnatural happenings
yet to come.

Cicero, the master of constructing an argument, listens and then
says drily, in what is the most important speech in the scene,

Indeed, it is a strange-dispos¨d time.

But
men may construe things after their fashion,

Clean from the purpose of
the things themselves.

Cicero
means that while the signs may be there, people may be interpreting them in self-serving ways
that have nothing to do with what they really mean. In other words, as he well knows, we can
twist circumstances to mean whatever we what them to mean. He is trying to advise Casca not to
get so excited about these signs.

With typical , however, none of this sinks
into Casca's consciousness. Cassius comes along, and Casca continues to speak of omensin
particular, a lion roaming in the capitol. He also compares the Roman people to sheep.

Therefore, three animal metaphors Shakespeare uses are the owl, whose strange daytime
appearance is likened to the supernatural; the lion, a symbol of power which is compared to
Caesar; and the Roman people, who are likened to the sheep, animals easily led and often
slaughtered. But, as Cicero has pointed out, this might not be what these animals are pointing
to at all: the comparisons (metaphors) might be all wrong.

What are the major themes of In Cold Blood?

The author
(Capote) became obsessed with obtaining an admission of guilt from the imprisoned killer. Capote
also identified with this young man, because he was intelligent and a loner like Capote himself.
Capote spent many long hours talking to him and...

What are the most striking ways in which the societies of 1984 and Brave New World differ/relate?

Another
contrast in society is the way in which it is controlled.

In
people are controlled through fear and repression. People are punished if
they get out of line. There is no sanctuary free from this - think ofandin their
"room" ; the paperweight and its fragility show how this is just an illusion of
escape.

In Brave New World people are manufactured to
adhere to a certain norm. Isn't this a scary forewarning of where we are going with genetic
engineering? Also the negation of human worth by using embryonic souche cells... There is no
easy ethical answer here, but these are questions which should be raised.

In
Brave New World the masses are controlled through gratification rather than
repression. The "feelies" - we are getting closer and closer there with 3-D films,
sensorial feedback in video games, and even attempts to reproduce and transmit smells. 

importance of internet sites for studing English literature. What is the importance of Internet sites for studing English literature?

When
using the internet to study English literature, it is very important to check the validity of
sources and to use respected and long-established published materials. There are many sites now
on the internet which are quick and easy and convenient to use . They often look like fully
endorsed encyclopaedia-like sources, but are often voluntarily edited by the general
public.

Information can float about, change and be re-edited time and again.
One good idea is to check the sources cited on such pages and to go to their original
publication pages and interpret them oneself. It is also important to cite pages and sources
correctly when good, valuable content is found. Many authors have official dedicated sites to
promote and protect their work.

What are 5 lessons Santiago learns in The Alchemist?

One of the
most valuable lessons Santiago learns in is the notion that fear is part
of living a meaningful life. It is worse to not achieve his goals out of fear than to face fear,
Santiago tells his heart: Tell your heart that the fear of suffering is worse than the
suffering itself. And that no heart has ever suffered when it goes in search of its dreams,
because every second of the search is a seconds encounter with God and with eternity. Santiago
discovers that discomfort is part of living a life worth living.

A second
lesson that Santiago understands is the importance...

In 1984 by George Orwell, what is the main conflict, and how do other conflicts help to illuminate the authors message?

The main
conflict inis between totalitarianism, represented by Big Brother, and autonomy, represented by
. This conflict exists in the story as a man versus society conflict. Totalitarianism represents
the utter obliteration of self in pursuit of an external idea. Big Brother explicitly tries to
limit expressions of autonomy and feelingfor instance, by regulating language in a way that
erases creative potential. Each time that Smith attempts to preserve his sense of self, he acts
in a contradictory manner to these societal aims.

This conflict is also
echoed in the children Winston hears playing. They have already learned the value of policing
each other and of demanding full compliance with the unreachable demands of their totalitarian
government. These children have taken the conflict Winston feels with society and been taught to
have it directly with each other, as though they were all agents of the state. This represents a
man versus man conflict.

As a preacher, for what purpose does Edwards use his sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"?

Puritan
preacher and theologianused his famous sermon " " as a "jeremiad," meaning
he was calling his congregation to repentance from their sins. Edwards pulled no punches in his
descriptions of Hell...

what pages does Abigail accuse Tituba

Providing an exact page number is going to be
difficult without knowing exactly which edition of you are looking at. In
my copy of the play, Abigail accuses Tituba on page 16 and again on page 43. The first location
is just after the Putnams show up at Parris's house. The notion of witchcraft has been broached,
and Parris is quite averse to alerting the town to this possibility. The Putnams are convinced
that a "murdering witch" is loose, and Ann lets Parris know that she asked Tituba for
help speaking to her dead children. Parris then knows that Abigail was lying earlier. She and
the girls were doing more than just dancing. They were conjuring spirits, and Parris accuses
Abigail of this; however, Abigail denies it and accuses Tituba.

Parris, to Abigail: Then you were conjuring spirits last
night.

Abigail, whispering: Not I, sir - Tituba and
Ruth.

The second time that Abigail tries to pass
suspicion off of herself by accusing Tituba occurs shortly after Hale starts to aggressively ask
Abigail exactly what was going on in those woods. Hale grasps Abigail and asks her if she called
the Devil, and Abigail says that she did not. Abigail then says Tituba's name twice. Hale
continues his line of questioning and repeatedly asks Abigail if she drank anything from the
kettle. Abigail is a smart girl, and she knows that she has to get the attention off of her.
Tituba enters the room, and Abigail cries out that Tituba forced her to drink blood.

Abigail: I never sold myself! Im a good girl! Im a proper girl!
Mrs. Putnam enters with Tituba, and instantly Abigail points at
Tituba.

Abigail: She made me do it! She made Betty do
it!
TiTUBA, shocked and angry: Abby!

Abigail:
She makes me drink blood!

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Sketch a character analysis of Madame Forestier in "The Necklace".

Madame
Forestier is a good friend of Mathilde's who has risen above Mathilde in social status.  Despite
this discrepancy in their wealth, Madame Forestier does not hesitate to help Mathilde when
Mathilde wants jewels to wear to the ball.  Madame Forestier shows her generosity by lending
Mathilde the jewelry without hesitation.  The reader senses, however, that the jewels do in fact
mean something to Madame Forestier by her reaction when Mathilde returns the necklace later than
planned. 

When the two women meet at the end of the story, Mathilde is not
the same woman that Madame Forestier once knew.  Mathilde has aged and is in ragged clothes, but
she decides that she has nothing to lose at this point by telling Madame Forestier the truth
about what happened to the necklace.  When Madame Forestier reveals that the original necklace
was not real, she exhibits a great deal of pity toward Mathilde as she realizes what the couple
went through to restore her necklace back to her.  This reveals Madame Forestier as
compassionate and understanding, which furthers theof the story--the reader is left wondering if
Madame Forestier would have been mad at all about the original necklace being lost, and wonders
if all Mathilde's efforts were for nothing.

What is the climax of the novel Emma?

Theof 's novel
can be found towards the ending chapters, namely chapter 45. It is the
moment when, after a rough encounter with Mr. Knightley, she realizes that she has feelings for
him after all.

However, all this occurs as a result of events that take place
shortly before her emotional discovery. 

We find Emma finding a way to save
grace with the Bates after her odious behavior towards Miss Bates during the Box Hill gathering.
During this gathering Emma insults Miss Bates when the latter laughs at herself saying that she
could not come up with many clever ideas, and that instead she may be able to comply with at
least three dull ideas. To this, Emma retorted with huge sarcasm:

Ah! maam, but there may be a difficulty. Pardon me, but you will be limited as to
numberonly three at once.

Basically, what Emma said to
Miss Bates is that the latter is capable of coming up with more than plenty dull ideas and
comments, and that it would be best to limit her before she starts.

This
behavior leaves a really sad taste in Mr. Knightley who takes matters into his own hands and
chastises Emma. This is the moment when Emma for once feels regrets about her actions.

After all this, in chapter 45, Emma explains how she tries to fix the situation with
Miss Bates. During this exchange, Knightley understands Emma's behavior and sees kindness in
her. She, equally, feels drawn to Knightley and they basically declare their love for each other
when Knightley nearly kisses Emma's hand.

Every action after this specific
event becomes the declining action of the plot which leads to the end. Therefore, the moment
when Emma and Knighley declare or demonstrate their mutual attraction serves as the climax of
the novel.

In 1984, what is the main conflict and is it external or internal?

I agree
that 's conflicts are both external (man vs society--i.e. the Party) and internal (Winston vs
his conscience). The most interesting thing about the internal conflict in this text is that,
for most of the book, it is half formed. Winston begins defying the party with only instinct and
trace memories to guide him. He doesn't struggle within himself because he doesn't know who he
is. For the most part, his struggle with the Party is also half-formed. I think this is part of
the point of the novel: Winston does not know who or what the actual opposing force is, so he
does not know who or what he should be in conflict with (yes, he understands that he should
resist "the Party" and all that it stands for, but he does not know who, precisely,
the Party is).

What is Stargirl's old name in Jerry Spinelli's book Stargirl?

's old name
is Susan Caraway. 

Although "Susan" is the name her parents gave
her, Stargirl has changed what she is called many times.  She first renamed herself "Pocket
Mouse", then "Mudpie", "Hullygully", then finally,
"Stargirl".  Stargirl says that she changes her name when the old one "doesn't
fit anymore".  She explains,

"I'm not my name. 
My name is something I wear, like a shirt.  It gets worn, I outgrow it, I change
it".

Stargirl reveals her original name while she is
being interviewed by a panel of her peers on the Hot Seat, a student-run
video show.  Although in typical fashion, she does not seem to notice, the questioning from the
panel has a hostile tone.  One of the students asks accusingly, "What was wrong with the
name your parents gave you?", and another demands, "So what do your parents think? 
Are they sad you didn't keep Susan?"  Stargirl's parents, however, are apparently
comfortable with her attempts to express her individuality in this respect, and she
replies,

"No.  It was almost their idea.  When I
started calling myself Pocket Mouse when I was little, they called me that, too.  And we just
never went back" (Chapter 13).

Who is the chief villain that orchestrates the largest amount of trouble for the characters in The Scarlet Letter?

, 's
husband, is the chief villain who orchestrates the largest amount of trouble for the main :
Hester and .

Chillingworth arrives in Boston after a long absence (he was
gone so long that Hester thought he was killed by Indians) the day Hester is sentenced to wear
the scarlet letter as punishment for the crime of adultery. He decides not to reveal his
identity as her spouse, as he doesn't want to be involved in her shame. However, this does not
keep him from secretly plotting revenge.

Chillingworth's deformed nature (or
soul) is reflected in his deformed body: he is a hunchback. Almost as soon as he sees Hester, he
is likened to a snake, a symbol of Satanic evil, for we learn that a "writhing
horror...like a snake gliding swiftly" twisted his features.

Seeing
Dimmesdale's illness and suspecting it has to do with an uneasy conscience, Chillingworth
intuits that Dimmesdale may be the man who slept with his wife. Under the guise of helping him,
Chillingworth gets very close to Dimmesdale, and the two end up living together. The townspeople
note Chillingsworth's transformation to evil:

Roger
Chillingworth's aspect had undergone a remarkable change while he had dwelt in town, and
especially since his abode with Mr. Dimmesdale. At first, his expression had been calm,
meditative, scholar-like. Now, there was something ugly and evil in his face.

The townspeople come to understand Chillingworth as a Satanic
figure sent to test and torment the faithful Dimmesdale, and they are not wrong in this
assessment.

When Chillingworth creeps up on the sleeping Dimmesdale and sees
the scarlet letter that has either erupted or been tattooed by Dimmesdale on his chest,
Chillingworth realizes he has his man and decides to psychologically torture his victim to the
utmost:

In a word, old Roger Chillingworth was a striking
evidence of man's faculty of transforming himself into a devil, if he will only, for a
reasonable space of time, undertake a devil's office. This unhappy person had effected such a
transformation, by devoting himself, for seven years, to the constant analysis of a heart full
of torture, and deriving his enjoyment thence, and adding fuel to those fiery tortures which he
analyzed and gloated over.

When Hester realizes that
Chillingworth is keeping Dimmesdale alive to torment him and feed his guilt, she breaks her
promise to keep Chillingsworth's relationship to her a secret and tells Dimmesdale he is her
spouse. Dimmesdale and Hester plan to run off together, but even that plan is thwarted by
Chillingworth, who realizes what is going on and plans to go with them: they know they will
never be free of him.

Chillingworth is the character who is identified by the
narrator as evil; he makes life the most difficult for Hester and Dimmesdale. Dimmesdale is able
to vanquish him at the end by publicly confessing his adultery, but not until after
Chillingworth has tormented him for seven years.

Which Shakespeare play do Nat and Kit discuss?

Because
Kit has moved to New England from Barbados, an island in the Caribbean Sea, it is appropriate
that the Shakespeare play that she and Nat discuss is The Tempest , which
takes place on a Caribbean island. Nat knows she is from there, and their...

What are some examples of literary devices in A Christmas Carol?

A perennial
favorite of audiences of all ages,  is a classical tale of a miserly old
man who finds himself confronted with his present, past, and future. In this confrontation,
Scrooge is uncomfortable with much of what is shown to him; consequently, he resolves to
reform.

In order to describe his characters, especially Ebenezer
Scrooge,employs certain literary devices. Here are some: 

Stave
One

(unstated comparisons):

• "But he [Scrooge] was a tight-fisted hand at the grindstone"


• "a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old
  sinner!"
• "A...
  
  • 
    
    • • • • 
            

            • • 
                
                • • 
                    

Characteristics of characteristics What characteristics did Hester, Dimmesdale, Chillingworth, and Pearl all share???

I think that one
characteristic they all shared was being on...

in what figurative terms does the speaker frame his love and his loss and how is this intended

The
poem byutilizes primarily dreamliketo evoke a strong sense of fairy-tale ambiance. Poe does
this to emphasize the ethereal and otherworldly passion that the speaker in the poem feels for
his beloved €“ despite the fact that they are both very young (or perhaps because of it, bearing
in mind that fairy-tales often depict how unrestrained children experience the world). As in
many other Poes poems and stories and in keeping with the Romantic tradition, the narrative
component serves mainly as framework for his contemplation on themes of devotion, loss, grief,
and despair.

References to the kingdom by the sea and the love so great
that it becomes the envy of The angels, not half so happy in Heaven inspire a sense of wonder
and awe, while at the same time suggesting supernatural, even Biblical notions which are
metaphors for the exceptional quality of feeling shared by the doomed, young lovers.

Obviously, the most figurative of all elements in the poem is the speakers conceit that
his beloved has died because their love has caused jealousy of higher beings. Here Poe combines
fairy-tale, myth and Gothic motifs with the psychological desperation of a disturbed man who
needs to find a profound reason for the loss of his love. In other words,
by transferring his own emotions onto a figurative plain, the speaker himself uses hyperbolicfor
explaining away Annabel Lees death in terms that will make some sort of sense and offer at least
a semblance of solace. Poe builds upon this need of the speaker to conceptualize further the
poems leitmotifs into a dirge-like anthem. Thus, the figurative and largely fantastical frame of
the poem becomes the vehicle for conveying not just the aforementioned themes but also the
extreme emotions that the speaker expresses.

Contrast Benvolio and Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet. From their fight and their relationships with other characters,

The most
obvious difference betweenandis their temperaments. Benvolio is calm and rational, whereas
Tybalt is prone to flights of fury. In Act I, Tybalt wants to...

In Chapter 15 of To Kill a Mockingbird, why doesn't Atticus reprimand Jem on their way home for disobeying his orders to go home?

certainly
wasn't expecting his children to show up at the jail on the same night he was standing guard
over Tom Robinson. He knew that others might arrive intent on harming Tom, and sure enough, a
group of cars soon "stopped in front of the jail." It was a group of men--a lynch
mob--who planned to take Tom and hang him. When ,and Dill suddenly appeared to say hello to
Atticus,

     I thought he would have a fine surprise, but
his face killed my joy. A flash of plain fear was going out of his eyes, but returned when Dill
and Jem wriggled into the light.

Atticus knew that it was
a dangerous situation, and although he was willing to face the men alone--and perhaps suffer a
beating or worse from the men--he did not want his children involved. He ordered the children to
leave, but Jem "shook his head." When one of the lynch mob grabbed Jem, Scout came to
his rescue.

I kicked the man swiftly. Barefooted, I was
surprised to see him fall back in real pain. I intended to kick his shin, but aimed too
high.

It was the children's presence which saved the day
for Atticus and Tom. Scout's innocent repartee with Mr. Cunningham shamed him into ordering his
accomplices to call off their mission, and the men soon left Atticus and the children alone at
the jail--along with the unseen newspaper editor B. B. Underwood and his shotgun standing guard
above.

Atticus didn't reprimand Jem because of the bravery he showed in
sticking by his father, and because their appearance is all that saved Tom from being
murdered.

Atticus and Jem were well ahead of us, and I
assumed Atticus was giving him hell for not going home, but I was wrong. As they passed under a
streetlight, Atticus reached out and massaged Jem's hair, his one gesture of
affection.

What are the benefits of absolute monarchy?

This is a
great question. A good place to start is with the political theory of the ancient Greek
historian, Polybius. He states that there are three forms of government in our world: monarchy,
oligarchy, and democracy. He also states that each form of government has positive and negative
points. So, we need to keep in mind that monarchies have both positive and negative
aspects.

Since this is a question on the benefits on monarchy, I will give
you three. First, monarchies in times of deadlock can get the job done. Sometimes you need a
strong leader who will break stalemates and push the nation forward. Second, monarchies are more
efficient, because there are no opposing parties. So, there is the matter of efficiency. Third,
in extreme times and extreme difficulties, you need a good monarch figure to straighten things
out. The only times monarchies are less desirable is during good times.

Argue for or against the idea that standing up and making your voice heard against injustice helps to end the issue.

Assuming
you are asking about the essence of this sentence in relation to history, this statement has
always had a powerful message in aiding the fight and struggles of the oppressed. Throughout
time, there have been many injustices fought and won through the support of those who fought
along with the oppressed Being idle in the face of oppression allows for the oppression to
continue, because it is akin to turning a blind eye to the suffering of others. When we do
nothing to stop, for instance, racism from occurring right before our eyes, we allow the
oppressor free rein over the one they are tormenting. This perpetuates a cycle of complicity
among othersperpetrator and bystanders alikewho will eventually grow "immune" to such
displays of abuse, thus normalizing oppression.

If one stands up against or
speak up against any and all abuses as they happen, it immediately erects resistance and
establishes power for the downtrodden to use to "push back" against the people and
systems who curtail their freedom or violate their rights. The essence of a community is to look
out for each other. Silence in the face of injustice does just the opposite: it erodes that
trust. Doing nothing while injustices occur does not push for a better society because it allows
cruelty and corruption to keep happening. As Elie Wiesel put it,

We must take sides. Neutrality helps the oppressor, never the victim. Silence
encourages the tormentor, never the tormented. Sometimes we must interfere. When human lives are
endangered, when human dignity is in jeopardy, national borders and sensitivities become
irrelevant. Wherever men and women are persecuted because of their race, religion, or political
views, that place mustat that momentbecome the center of the universe.

`y = ln sqrt((x + 1)/(x - 1)))` Find the derivative of the function.

`y=lnsqrt[(x+1)/(x-1)]`

`y=ln(x+1)^(1/2)-ln(x-1)^(1/2)`

`y=1/2ln(x+1)-1/2ln(x-1)`

` ` `y'=1/[2(x+1)]-1/[2(x-1)]`

`y'=[(x-1)-(x+1)]/[2(x+1)(x-1)]`

`y'=[x-1-x-1]/[2(x+1)(x-1)]`

`y'=-1/[(x+1)(x-1)]`

The derivative of the function y
is `-1/[(x+1)(x-1)].`

``

What does Santiago notice at the abandoned church that he takes shelter in on his way to the merchant?

Santiago is a
shepherd boy who genuinely loves his sheep. He even calls each sheep by name. While he is
traveling through familiar country in Andalusia, he happens upon a dilapidated church that he
has stayed at once before. One interesting characteristic about this abandoned church is that
"an enormous sycamore had grown on the spot where the sacristy had once stood" (3).
Not only that, but there is a fence that keeps the flock in during the night. All he has to do
is lay some planks across the broken gate and the sheep will not run off. 

What is most interesting about the church, however--and what Santiago
notices...

Why did Hollywood become the center of film production during the silent film era?

There were
several reasons why a small town near Los Angeles, Californiacalled Hollywoodbecame the center
of film production in the era when movies were still made without sound. First of all,
filmmakers wanted to get as far away from New Jersey as they could. That's where Thomas Edison
had set up his Motion Picture Patents Company, which attempted to keep a legal stranglehold on
film production. Whenever anyone on the East Coast attempted to make movies, Edison demanded
exorbitant fees, and if filmmakers did not comply, Edison sued them and shut down production. On
the West Coast, filmmakers were far enough away from Edison to escape this stringent
oversight.

By 1913, studios in Hollywood became powerful enough to initiate
anti-trust action with the US government against Edison, and in 1917, the US Supreme Court sided
with the filmmakers against Edison's company.

Another reason the Hollywood
location was so desirable to filmmakers was the good weather. Making movies needs lots of sunny
days, warm weather, and no rain or storms so that production can be kept on schedule. The Los
Angeles area had a diversity of landscapes nearby that would suit a variety of film backgrounds,
including deserts, forests, mountains, and the sea.

The Los Angeles area also
proved to be ideal as a source of cheap, non-union labor due to the lax labor laws there at the
time. Film productions required electricians, carpenters, dressmakers, and other specialists,
and this labor could be obtained at a much smaller cost than at union-intensive places on the
East Coast.

All of these factors contributed to Hollywood becoming the center
of film production in the silent film era and beyond.

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What happens on the walk home from the printer

You can
find the answer to your question about what happens on the walk home from the printer in Chapter
8 of Fever, which opens on September 2nd, 1793. The weather is oppressively
hot, mosquitoes are rampant, and the church bells toll incessantly for the dead. In the public
square, a cannon is fired to purify the air.

Eliza goes off to a meeting at
the Free African Society concerning the fever outbreak as Grandfather stops by to pick up Mattie
for a visit to Mr. Brown's print shop.

At the print shop, a broadsheet with
the mayors orders regarding the outbreak is being printed. One of the orders is that the
churches must stop ringing the bells every time someone dies. Mr. Carris, Mr. Brown, and
Grandfather share news about the fever outbreak: Politicians and rich families are fleeing the
pestilence and Ricketts Circus building is being taken over to quarantine the sick. Grandfather
insists that public reaction to the illness is exaggerated. He has no intention of leaving for
the countryside: I didnt run from the redcoats, and I wont run from a dockside
miasma.

On the walk home from the printers shop, Mattie hopes for the first
frost of the season, as Frost always kills fever. As they approach their own shop, Grandfather
and Mattie are surprised by a limping man dressed in dark rags, pushing a wheelbarrow, who
unceremoniously dumps a body into the street. Much to their shock, they realize that it is
Matties mother.

From the beginning, Jane and Mr. Rochester have an unusual and complex relationship in Charlotte Bronte's novel Jane Eyre. Examine their relationship...

and 's
relationship is based on intelligent equality at first. Mr. Rochester is intrigued with Jane's
honesty to his questions which prompts him to inquire more into the way she thinks rather than
merely judging her physical features or social status. Generally, for that time period, rich men
did not marry their employees; so, for that fact alone, their relationship would not have been
taken seriously at the time. Because of that fact, however, the implausible becomes a romantic
notion to be explored by the author and discovered by the reader. The phrase "opposites
attract" seems to fall into place as both Jane and Mr. Rochester discover intriguing
details about one another's life. The details seem to be unequal, though, because Mr. Rochester
has more experience and more secrets about his life than Jane has. This makes it easy for Mr.
Rochester to manipulate a young girl by trying to make her jealous and keeping a deep, dark
secret from her. No true relationship can stand on lies or manipulation. Jane's story could have
ended with her leaving Mr. Rochester once the secret of his marriage is revealed and she leaves
him. That scenario is the most logical end for Jane and Edward. Of course, a Gothic romance
novel cannot end logically! So a horrible accident has to take care of Mr. Rochester's deep
secret and punish him for his misdeeds. Through these means justice is satisfied and Jane is
able to be reunited with him in a higher standing than when she was with him before. In the end,
Jane has the power over the relationship because she did none of the lying and she graciously
accepts him back after the death of his wife. The wife's death and Rochester's physical and
emotional punishment had to exist in order for Jane to be able to return to him in an honest and
forthright way. Summarily, the relationship would not have worked had the secrets of Rochester's
wife and the lies he used to manipulate her remained. Once the lies were purged, then the
relationship could grow and be maintained in a healthy way.

In Vonnegut's "Harrison Bergeron," what are some of Harrison's thoughts about being imprisoned?

A society
that values mediocrity to the point of asserting oppressive measures in the name of equality is
certainly the enemy of one so intelligent and talented as , who is held on suspicion of plotting
to overthrow the government. Despite the three hundred pounds he wears and the disguising
masks placed upon him, Harrison is listed as "underhandicapped" and "extremely
dangerous."

When Harrison breaks out of prison and enters the television
station where everything is desensitized and reinterpreted in order to shift ideas that might be
counter-culture, he declares,

"I am the
Emperor!" Everybody must do what I say at once!" 

Thus, his is complete revolution against the...

In "Thank You, Mam," how did Mrs. Jones react when Roger tried to steal her purse?

From the
beginning to the end, Mrs. Jones reacts in a way that is completely beyond Rogers expectation.
 In the first place, Roger is quite sure that he would be able to pull the purse slinging on
Mrs. Jones shoulders and run away with it. He tries doing so with maximum force but the purse is
much heavier than he thinks. He loses his balance and falls down on the pavement. Mrs. Jones
kicks him right square in his blue-jeaned sitter and
then picks him up by his shirt. When she starts shaking him with both her hands, his teeth start
"rattling." Her grip is too strong to be escaped from. Her robust
and vigorous reaction stuns him.

Rogers obvious expectation was that Mrs.
Jones would hand him over to the police. Completely against his thoughts, she takes him to her
house. What follows there leaves him speechless and overwhelmed with a strong sense of
gratitude.

Despite being a stranger, Mrs. Jones treats him just like her son.
She shouts at him for being so untidy and unkempt. She asks him to clean his face and offers him
a clean towel and a comb. Then she cooks him something to eat and shares the dining table with
him. She takes care not to embarrass him by her question or remark and speaks to him quite
informally.

Before he leaves, she gives him ten dollars to buy himself a pair
of suede shoes. Her final words to him are,

Good-night! Behave yourself, boy!

Roger must be thinking that Mrs. Jones is like no other woman. He had just tried to rob
her of her purse and he is probably wondering how its possible that she had been so kind and
affectionate to him. Thus, the way Mrs. Jones reacts not only amazes Roger but also the readers.
Wed love to hope that her motherly and empathetic reaction brings about a tremendous change in
Roger, who until now has been a petty thief. 

What do we learn about the Holden's brother D.B. in The Catcher in the Rye?

At the
beginning of the story,is in California retelling the story that landed him in a mental
hospital. His older brother D.B. also lives in California working as a successful screenwriter.
Like a good big brother, he visits Holden every weekend and says he will drive him home to New
York in his Jaguar when the time comes. Before D.B. could afford Jags, he wrote a short story
called The Secret Goldfish which Holden really likes (1). He's so upset
that D.B. went to Hollywood to write for movies because Holden hates movies; so, he calls his
brother a prostitute for selling himself short rather than becoming a real author. 

Holden isn't the only one to think that D.B. is selling his talent out to the wrong
industry. One of Holden's former English teachers from Elkton Hills also disagrees with D.B.'s
choice to move to California and called him up to tell him so before he left. Holden says,
" said that anybody that could write like D.B. had no business going out to Hollywood.
That's exactly what I said, practically" (181).

At one point, Holden
dreams of living in a cabin and inviting his family over for visits. He would have the following
rules, though:

"I'd let oldcome out to visit me in
the summertime and on Christmas vacation and Easter vacation. And I'd let D.B. come out and
visit me for a while if he wanted a nice, quiet place for his writing, but he couldn't write any
movies in my cabin, only stories and books. I'd have this rule that nobody could do anything
phone when they visited me. If anybody tried to do anything phony, they couldn't stay"
(205).

Here again we see Holden mention D.B. being in his
life, but not if he's doing anything with movies. It's a bit funny, actually. Holden isn't as
close with D.B. obviously, as he was with his little brotherwho died of Leukemia, but he doesn't
completely forget about him, either. 

What were the political effects of World War I?

It would
be difficult to overstate the political effects of . It was, after all, a world war, and one
that fundamentally transformed much of the existing international structure while planting the
seeds of another, more devastating war that would follow. For one, the old
empiresAustro-Hungarian, Ottoman, German, and Russianall collapsed, although the Russian Empire
would be painstakingly and bloodily rebuilt by the regime that replaced the monarchy. In their
place emerged the international order that would remain largely intact for the next 70
years.

Borders shifted as the Great Wars victors seized territories from the
losers. The modern Middle East was forged out of the remnants of the Ottoman Empire, although
the French and British diplomats who drew the map of the newly-reconfigured region planted the
seeds of future conflicts among Arabs, Kurds, Persians, Jews, and others.

The formation of the Soviet Union (in effect, a reassembling of the old Russian
Empire...

In "A Worn Path," at what obstacle does Phoenix display her tremendous skills and balance?

The story opens
on a chilly morning in December. Phoenix Jackson is an elderly African American woman who is
making a trip to town on foot. 

She has to travel through the woods and then
uphill. She struggles but maintains her balance. She is tapping an umbrella to keep herself
steady. Her shoes are untied. She is an amazing elderly woman. She is able to make the long trip
into town to get some medicine for her grandson who swallowed lye. 

While she
taps along the way, she manages to cross a log in a stream. She definitely needs skill and
balance as she crosses the log. There are many twists and turns in the road. 

She happens to confront a hunter and his dog. The dog causes her to lose her balance
and she falls in the ditch. The hunter helps her get out of the ditch. 

Phoenix is one determined woman. As the path goes up a hill, she complains about how
difficult it has become while walking. No doubt, she has traveled this journey many times
before. 

After crossing the log, she takes time to rest. She imagines things
along the way. Phoenix is an incredible woman. She manages to make it all the way into
town:

Phoenix lives fairly far from Natchez, which means
that the journey compounded by the fact that it is Decemberis difficult for her. In the rural
area, she encounters animals, thorny bushes, ditches, streams to be crossed by logs, barbed-wire
fences, and even people.

Once she gets in town, she asks
a woman to tie her shoes. She visits the doctor's office to get the medicine for her sick
grandson. Then she begins her journey home. 

The obstacles Phoenix overcomes
shows how willing she is to help her grandson. She cares deeply for her grandson as she makes
the long trip back home. 

What conflict or problem do the people face as the play Oedipus Rex opens?

As the
play  opens, the people face yet another plague that has descended upon
Thebes.  "Black Death" is troubling the city:  crops are failing, livestock is dying,
and women are not able to bear children.  The Priest comes towith a message from the
people--they trust Oedipus's power because he is the one who saved them from the plague of the
Sphinx by solving her riddle, and thus they believe that he can also save them from this plague.
 To get some answers, Oedipus's brother-in-lawhas gone to the oracle at Delphi to get a prophecy
regarding the present plague.  When Creon returns, he says that the oracle has said that they
must rid Thebes of a pollution--the one who is the murderer of the former king Laius.  So, the
quest then becomes rooting out this murderer so that the plague on Thebes can be
lifted.

After World War II, many people came to see the Holocaust as something simply propagated by Hitler and the Nazi Party which hid the Holocaust from...

Antisemitism was a widespread phenomenon
across Europe and the United States prior to World War II and the rise of the Nazi party. For
example, Polish authorities had been enacting oppression against Jewish people across Poland for
years leading up to the Holocaust through exclusionary policies and through right-wing Polish
politicians pushing for mass removal of Jewish Poles.

Antisemitism in the
United States also existed prior to World War II. From the Civil War, when Ulysses S. Grant
attempted to order the expulsion of all Jewish people from the Southern states that he
controlled, to World War I and the Great Depression, when Jewish people were scapegoated and
blamed for the economic collapse, the United States has had a consistent history of
antisemitism.

During World War II, word of mass displacement and imprisonment
of Jewish people became a widespread rumor that was quickly confirmed by eye-witness accounts of
Nazi soldiers murdering Jewish people and through the construction of ghettos and concentration
camps.

Just as Jewish people were scapegoated during the Great Depression in
the United States, Jewish folks were scapegoated for the financial crisis in Germany and across
Eastern Europe. Particularly, Hitler used the deep financial crisis and suffering of Germans to
fuel antisemitism by blaming German Jews for the financial crisis (immensely similar to current
US politicians who falsely blame immigrants for the financial issues that exist in the
US).

Overwhelmingly, those who were not directly active in persecuting Jews
chose to look the other way and ignore the immense violence being enacted upon their former
neighbors. In the United States, the government blocked ships of thousands of Jewish refugees
from being able to enter the United States, fully knowing that they would be exterminated upon
returning to Europe. The Holocaust was absolutely not a campaign of extermination that only
existed in an isolated vacuum. Rather, it required mass acceptance and
participation.

What poetic devices are used in the poem "Taught me Purple" by Evelyn Tooley Hunt?

The
poetic devices that are used in the poem "Taught me Purple" by Evelyn Tooley Hunt
include:

Stanzas

This poem is
divided into three stanzas of four lines each. A stanza is a unit or a grouping of lines. A
stanza typically focuses on making one point or observation. The poem then moves on to another
stanza, which in turn focuses on making another point or observation.

In
€˜Taught me Purple, the poet talks of her mother teaching her purple in stanza 1; of her mother
teaching her golden in stanza 2; and of her mother reaching for beauty in stanza 3. Three
different points and observations here.

Rhyme

Evelyn Tooley Hunt employs rhyme
in this poem. The rhyme scheme is abab in stanza 1; cdcd in stanza 2; and efef in stanza 3.
Essentially, in each stanza, line 1 rhymes with line 3 and line 2 rhymes with line 4.

Contrast

The poet uses contrast to make
a point about her mothers existence. She says that her mother taught me purple but that her
mothers way of life was wash-grey. This is a contrast of the richness of the color purple with
the drab and dreary color of wash-grey €“ talking here of her mother constantly doing the
mundane daily task of the familys laundry.

Tone

The poets tone here is one of love
and respect for her mother for teaching her to reach for a better life than the mother had. To
reach for the purple, the gold, and the beauty in life €“ the finer things in life. The mother
taught her not to be full of pride or arrogance but to be modest and look for the loveliness in
life.

In The Odyssey, what does Odysseus learn about his future from Teiresias in the Land of the Dead?

In Book 11 of
, The Kingdom of the Dead, Odysseus visits the underworld to consult with
the prophet Tiresias. Circe instructs him to visit Tiresias so he can find out about his future,
which will involve a difficult journey home. 

Tiresias tells Odysseus that
while he wants "a sweet smooth journey home" (Book 11, line 111, Fagels translation),
"a god will make it hard for you" (113). This god is Poseidon, who is angry because
Odysseus has blinded his son, the Cyclops. Tiresias tells Odysseus that his crew may still reach
home if he can "curb their wild desire and curb your own" (line 119). Tiresias says
it's critical for Odysseus's crew not to disturb the cattle of Helios, the sun god, for if they
do, they will be destroyed. Even if Odysseus survives, he will "come home late/and come a
broken man" (129-130). His men will be destroyed, and he will find a "a world of pain
at home," with men courting his wife and eating all his food (line 132). Odysseus will then
need to "pay them back in blood" (line 135). After he has sought revenge on the men
destroying his house, he will have to go to a place far from the sea to make a sacrifice to
Poseidon. Only then will he be able to enjoy a "gentle, painless death" (line 154) and
know that his land and people are in peace. 

In "Rappaccini's Daughter" by Nathaniel Hawthorne, how does the narrator's point of view reveal Giovanni's struggle with the advancements of science?

(Unfortunately, we are only able to answer one question per posting. Other questions
must be submitted separately.)

In terms of the narrator's point of view, we
learn several things throughout the story regarding his feelings about the experiments and the
scientific advancement they represent. Some are inferred in his observations, while others he
confronts openly.

When the narrator's colleague, Baglioni, discusses
Rappaccini's brilliance with his lack of concern for human life, warning the narrator against
Rappaccini, the narrator is not put off. When he gets a sense of evil eminating from the garden,
the narrator overlooks the feeling. Even when the narrator sees two creatures diethe lizard and
the insecthe does not embrace these observations...

Question: Read the short poem below that was included at the beginning of Emerson's Nature. What elements of Transcendentalism are in this poem? A...

was a
movement in the late 1820s and 1830s. The ideas are not religious in nature, but an
understanding of life and how everyone is connected in the world. Key concepts of the movement
included linking people with nature and each other across cultural or racial divides. The 1836
publication of "" includes a quote from Roman philosopher Plotinus, and the poem was
included in the 1849 edition.

"A subtle chain of countless ring / The
next unto the farthest brings;"

The first two lines of the poem speak
to the countless rings which bind everyone to the farthest, referencing things...

Why was the crowd silent when Hester endured her punishment?

One could
argue that the crowd are silent because, as Puritans, law and God's word are synonymous. Their
silence, therefore, can be interpreted as awestruck reverence for what they regard as the just
punishment offor the crime of adultery.

It's notable that, before Hester's
punishment and before she's released from prison, the Puritan women gathered outside have a lot
to say about Hester and her brazen defiance of law and convention. But then, at that point, she
hasn't been punished yet. It's only when Hester actually takes to the scaffold and is forced to
wear the scarlet letter that the women, along with the rest of the crowd, fall silent. Their
silence is a recognition that divine punishment is being meted out before their very eyes. God
is speaking, and they must listen in hushed reverence.

What is a summary of Shell Shaker by LeAnne Howe?

Shell
Shaker is a story of a Choctaw family and their struggle to deal with the corruption
in their tribe. The chronicle spans between 1738 and 1991; the eighteenth-century Choctaw land
becomes Mississippi, then becomes twentieth-century Oklahoma.

Redford
McAlester, the tribal chief, is murdered. Auda Billy, who is found unconscious with a gun next
to her, is suspected of the murder. But Audas mother Susan confesses to the crime to save her
daughter. The entire Billy family comes together to solve the mystery of the murder and save
Susan. The incident draws parallels with a similar event that took place in the
same...

Describe the character of Nicholas in Saki's short story "The Lumber Room."

Nicholas is a
very smart young man who has planned out this day very carefully.  He is dying to get into that
lumber room.  There is nothing worse than being told you cannot go into a room.  He knows his
aunt well, and he knows if he puts the frog in his bread and milk in the morning, she will
arrange for the other kids to go someplace fun.  Then he will have the house to
himself. 

He is a planner.  He knows where the key is hidden, knows how he is
going to it down from the shelf, and knows how to open the door since he practiced on the
schoolroom door.  When he opens that door, he has a wonderful experience because he is very
imaginative.  While looking at the tapestry, he creates a whole scenario of what is happening in
the picture. 

But did the huntsman see, what Nicholas
saw, that four galloping wolves were coming in his direction through the wood?...... would the
man and his dogs be able to cope with the four wolves if they made an attack? (pg 4)

Later we see that he is a quick-thinker.  When the aunt becomes
trapped in the rainwater tank, she calls to him for help.   She promises to give him strawberry
jam for tea, although she has no intention of doing so.  Nicholas knows that.  Nicholas says
that he thinks she is the Evil One tempting him to disobey.  He will not give into the
temptation.  He uses the subject of the strawberry jam to convince her that she must be the Evil
one.  So he leaves her there in the rainwater tank until the kitchenmaid rescues her. 

He has a sense of humor.  The reader finds himself smiling at Nicolass ingenuity.  He
has a spirited sense of fun, which I dont think the aunt appreciated.

What makes Ralph a bad leader in Lord of the Flies? Give three examples (something he did or said) from chapters 1 through 6 to support your answer....

An
underlying problem that contributes to s difficulties is that the concept of leadership is not
necessarily endorsed by all the children. Whilevery much wants to be obeyed and even idolized,
Ralph is invested in notions of respect for authority. He is not a very imaginative person, but
he has a strong sense of responsibility. One aspect of this tendency that undermines his
position is that he confuses leadership with control. Ralph fails to grasp the importance of
leading by example; instead, he seeks to impose rules.

Ralph recognizes
thatis on the right track about the conch,...

What are the soothsayers in Dante's Inferno?

The
soothsayers are people who could foresee the future and who provided information to others based
on what they saw.The classical soothsayer Tiresias from the Oedipus cycle is one example, and
Michael Scot, the medieval polymath. There is a distinction between charlatans who only claim to
know the future and those who are indeed gifted with foresight.In the medieval period, not all
foretelling or prophetic gifts would have seemed illicit.

In Dante's
Inferno, the soothsayers occupy the 20th , among other sins involving
fraud. Dante presents fraud as more dangerous to human society and more dangerous to the
sinner's soul, compared to sins of appetite or desire and sins of violence. Fraud plays upon
others' minds and on their trust of others. When this trust is violated, so too is their
capacity to love other people in the way that God expects.

The other reason
that Dante suggests soothsayers are more serious sinners is because they seek to deprive the
human of his or her choice.Choice, says Virgil early in the journey, is the "good of the
intellect," and the poem is designed to illustrate the need to choose rightly, and to
reject false appearances. To damage a person's ability to make an authentic choice--by leading
them to believe that a future event is already a foregone conclusion--tampers with their choice
and therefore their authentic self. They may fail to strive to become the person they should be
if they believe the striving has no effect on their eventual outcome.

choose three gods or goddesses in oedipus rex and explain their relivance to the story

The most
relevant god is Apollo, the god of prophecy.

What does Asagai expect from a woman in A Raisin in the Sun? What does George expect from a woman? Would either of them be satisfied with Beneatha?...

Joseph
Asagai is an African student who courtsand has a zealous conviction for improving his homeland
of Africa. Beneatha is attracted to Joseph's compassionate, sensitive personality and is
enthralled by his conviction for African heritage and culture. Joseph Asagai's views champion
Pan-Africanism, and he is a staunch activist for the indigenous inhabitants of Africa. Asagai's
wish is for Beneatha to accept his love, agree to marry him, and move to Africa, where they will
both strive to improve his homeland.

Asagai believes that Beneatha could use
her medical expertise to benefit indigenous Africans while he works to improve the political and
educational institutions in various regions of Africa. Essentially, Asagai expects Beneatha to
fully embrace her African heritage and...

What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Radical Republicans' plan and Andrew Johnson's plan?

During the
Civil War, President Lincoln began formulating a plan to reunify the nation when the war came to
an end. He felt reunification should be a gentle and gradual process. He planned to pardon
Confederates who severed their Confederate ties and took an oath to uphold the US Constitution
and the Union. When 10% of the people who had voted in 1860 in each state had taken the oath,
and when their legislature had abolished slavery, then the state could be readmitted to the
Union.

This plan was countered in 1864 by Radical Republicans in Congress who
thought it too lenient. They proposed the Wade-Davis Bill which said that half the male voters
had to take the oath and repudiate having voluntarily been a Confederate, and the legislature
had to abolish slavery. Lincoln vetoed the bill, saying it was too harsh.

When Lincoln was killed on April 14, 1865 and Andrew Johnson, who was a pro Union Democrat from
Tennessee, became president, he followed in the more lenient direction. He
recognized...

What does the rose bush near the prison door symbolize in The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne?

The first
two things any community makes, according to the narrator of by , are a
cemetery and a prison. This is an indication, of course, of two things that never change in
human nature. First is man's tendency to sin and society's need to punish; second is the
inevitability of death for all men. It is the prison door which captures our attention for this
question and, until the end, this novel.

Right next to the prison door, on
one side and almost flush against the threshold of the prison, is a wild rose bush. Every
prisoner who goes in or out of the building must see it. To the criminal (sinner) who enters the
prison, it is a "fragran[t] and fragile" reminder that beauty still exists; for the
"condemned criminal as he [comes] forth to his doom," the sight of the delicate petals
is a reminder of Nature's pity (sympathy) for him.

The narrator tells us this
rose bush "has been kept alive in history," though he cannot attest to the source of
its being there and will not presume to guess. He does say, in the last words of chapter
one: 

Finding it so directly on the threshold of our
narrative, which is now about to issue from that inauspicious portal, we could hardly do
otherwise than pluck one of its flowers and present it to the reader. It may serve, let us hope,
to symbolize some sweet moral blossom, that may be found along the track, or relieve the
darkening close of a tale of human frailty and sorrow.

In
the narrator's words, then, the rose symbolizes a luminescent (bright) touch of morality in this
story, or perhaps it will serve as a pure and colorful spot of relief in this woeful tail of
"frailty and sorrow." Another way to look at the rose is as a symbol of hope to all
who leave or enter the prison, a place which represents sin, condemnation, and punishment. It is
as if Nature wants to offer at least a glimmer, a fragile petal of hope to all who feel hopeless
and condemned. 

As the story progresses, the rose serves as a kind of relief
from the weight of darkness and sin.

In Hawthorne's preface to The House of the Seven Gables, what does he describe himself as?

Hawthorne describes
himself as an author who has opted "to keep undeviatingly within his immunities." By
this, he seems to mean that he has taken artistic license with some aspects of his tale in order
to present a "truth" of his choosing. Further, he says that he would be within his
rights to "manage his atmospherical medium as to bring out or mellow the lights and deepen
and enrich the shadows of the picture" he paints with his words. He says that it is his
prerogative to "mingle the Marvelous" with the more mundane.

At
first, he appears to denigrate authors that might be tempted to manipulate their audience in
this way, but he concludes by suggesting that it should not be considered a literary crime to do
so. Hawthorne describes this text as "Romantic" in that it tries to connect a time
long ago with the very present.

Hawthorne also describes himself as an author
who "has provided himself with a moral": namely, the idea that the misdeeds committed
by one generation actually do survive into the future generations, becoming a source of mischief
and trouble for those descendants.

He cautions anyone in his audience about
reaping the financial rewards of their ancestors' sins because they will only find that it
causes them more harm than good. If the money is "ill-gotten" for whatever reason, it
can bring nothing but misery and mayhem. Hawthorne does not want to ram this theme through the
story as one might stick a "pin through a butterfly," killing it as it preserves it,
but he will risk it in order to achieve "artistic glory."

What is the role of women in Sophocles's Oedipus the King?

This is a
tricky question because the women in the play are mostly offstage, with the exception of , 's
mother/wife. The other women specifically mentioned in the text include Merope, Oedipus's foster
mother, Ismene and , his daughters, and, as another educator cannily noted, the Sphinx (who,
although not human, is female). Finally, the ordinary women of Thebes should also be
considered.

The women of Thebes form a large
part of the crowd of supplicants at the palace at the opening of the play. Theof Elders speaks
on their behalf, telling Oedipus of the suffering of the Thebans in the plague and how "by
no birth of offspring do women surmount the pangs in which they shriek." Their babies are
dying, along with their husbands, brothers, sisters, and friends:

With such deaths, past numbering, the city perishes. Unpitied, her children lie on the
ground, spreading pestilence, with no one to mourn them. Meanwhile young wives and grey-haired
mothers raise a wail at the...

href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0192%3Acard%3D1">http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Ate...

Why were Jewish people being persecuted when Hitler was in power?

There is no
easy answer to this question.  I know, I've asked it!  Basically, the Jewish people were easy
scapegoats.  The people were already prejudiced against them and happy to blame them for the
country's problems.  Hitler could have chosen any group, but by targeting the Jews he was able
to take their businesses and money.

In George Orwell's 1984, how was O'Brien the ultimate betrayer?

In the
totalitarian, dystopian society depicted in 's , the possibility that those
with whom one comes into contact may not be what they seem is a constant risk. Such is the case
with the character . This mercurial figure crosses paths with 's , , only fleetingly during the
years that precede the beginning of 1984, and Winston is uncertain what, exactly, to make of
O'Brien. A large, burley man, O'Brien is also refined in a way that contrasts sharply with his
public appearance. Early in Orwell's story, the novel's narrator makes the following observation
regarding Winston's relationship to this seemingly authoritative figure who may be less
doctrinaire in his fealty to Party dictates than his official position demands:

"Winston had seen O'Brien perhaps a dozen times in almost as
many years. He felt deeply drawn to him, and not solely because he was intrigued by the contrast
between O'Brien's urbane manner and his prize-fighter's physique. Much more it was because of a
secretly held belief--or perhaps not even a belief, merely a hope--that O'Brien's political
orthodoxy was not perfect. Something in his face suggested it irresistibly."

That "secretly-held belief" constitutes the crux of the
matter, and to fully appreciate the importance of O'Brien in Orwell's society, it helps to
recall a real-life operation carried out by the newly installed Bolshevik regime that subverted
a legitimate revolution against a czar only to impose an even more draconian dictatorship on the
very people it had presumed to help.

Immediately upon taking control of the
major seats of Russian power, the Bolsheviks understood the need to protect themselves against
the machinations of internal and external enemies alike. The czar's secret police, then, was
replaced with the Bolshevik's version of a repressive, omniscient force, the Cheka (an acronym
for the Russian words for Extraordinary Commission for Combatting Counter-Revolution and
Speculation). The Cheka's leader, Felix Dzerzhinski, ordered the establishment of a fake
anti-Bolshevik resistance group operating in Western European capitals. This fake organization
was called "The Trust," and it successfully attracted Russian emigres eager to
assemble and conspire against the communist revolutionary movement systematically entrenching
itself in Moscow and St. Petersburg. The Trust operation was, in fact, successful at provoking
"disloyal" Russians into identifying themselves, making their eventual capture much
easier than would otherwise have been the case.

The reason for this bit of
Russian history is because Orwell modeled his autocratic society after the Communist Party of
the Soviet Union, and the O'Brien character's references to the Brotherhood serve asfor the
real-life Trust operation. In discussing the figure of Emmanuel Goldstein and his "vast
shadowy army, an underground network of conspirators dedicated to overthrowing the State,"
Orwell's narrator, and O'Brien, allow for the possibility that (A) the Brotherhood exists and
threatens the Party, and (B) the Brotherhood doesn't exist other than as an instrument of the
Party's propaganda and a means of furthering its repression. As Winston's commitment to the
Party begins to weaken, and the image of the Brotherhood holds out hope of an alternative, the
seeds are planted for the protagonist's newly conceptualized concerns about the Party's
legitimacy to develop into a full-fledged position of resistance. Winston now risks identifying
himself with subversive elements to which O'Brien has introduced him. If, as seems likely, the
Brotherhood was modeled after the Trust, then it will have served its purpose of deceiving
potential opposition movements into revealing themselves and, consequently, making themselves
vulnerable to isolation, capture, and destruction.

O'Brien's betrayal
succeeds because of his manipulation of others into revealing themselves as possible enemies of
the state and, so doing, setting themselves up for destruction.

How does Brent change from beginning to end of Whirligig by Paul Fleischman?

In the
beginning of the book, Brent is just like any normal teenager who struggles to find his place
among his high school peers. He is perhaps a little self-conscious, but he knows that he has to
appear confident and sophisticated if he wants to impress. At a party, he desperately tries to
talk to a girl he's had his eye on for a while. However, his efforts fall flat when the girl,
Brianna, rebuffs him in front of everyone, and he becomes the laughing stock of the
party.

Greatly humiliated, Brent, with alcohol coursing through his blood,
takes to the wheel and decides to put an end to his miserable life. However, he doesn't die;
instead, he ends up killing Lea Zamora, an eighteen-year-old high school student. When Brent
discovers who he has just killed, he is overwhelmed with guilt and grief. Lea was, by all
indications, a model student. She was a member of the orchestra, a member of the student
council, and an athlete on the track team at Niles North High School. Lea was also an honor
student, a volunteer at the Resurrection Hospital, and an active member of the Filipino
community.

Seemingly overnight, Brent's life changes irrevocably. He's no
longer interested in impressing anyone, and he becomes a loner. Shell-shocked and depressed, he
eats little and converses little. The import of what he's done is shattering, and Brent
struggles to live with himself. In light of Lea's death, he finds it difficult to discuss his
attempted suicide with anyone. He is profoundly horrified that he never once considered the
possibility that his actions could have resulted in someone else's death.

At
this point, we begin to realize that the catastrophe Brent has just experienced is a
life-changing event. As the story progresses, he begins a journey of self-discovery and
redemption that both inspires and encourages him to continue Lea's legacy of goodness and joy.
Brent embarks on his mission when Lea Zamora's mother gives him the seemingly impossible task of
building four whirligigs and depositing them at the four corners of the United States. Although
his parents initially balk at the bold request, Brent decides that he will do everything he can
to honor Lea's memory.

Thus, in selflessly given himself to the tasks at
hand, Brent finds new peace, confidence, and courage, all the things he's never had before.
After he finishes his last whirligig in Maine, Brent is finally able to unburden his feelings to
a sympathetic artist, who supports his project. What she tells him completely changes his
perspective about forgiveness and redemption. The artist assures Brent that he's still a good
person, despite his terrible mistakes. For his part, Brent is touched that, even after revealing
his part in Lea's death to her, her perspective about him doesn't change.

By
the end of the story, Brent comes to understand that Lea's memory will always be a part of him.
When she died, she also managed to touch his life in a way that neither of them could have
envisioned. Brent realizes that he has become the chosen conduit for Lea's joyful legacy; this
realization so heartens him that he becomes hopeful that he will have the confidence to face his
parents, Lea's mother, and a new group of peers in the fall. Unlike the 'old' Brent, the 'new'
Brent is hopeful and enthusiastic about his future.