Compare and contrast governments of Europe. How are they similar and different?

As of
2019, 28 countries are members of the European Union, but Europe includes non-member countries
as well.

Seven EU member countries are monarchies, including Great Britain,
which is in the process of existing the EU (Brexit). A monarchy is a system in which the ruler
inherits their position. These seven countries are all constitutional monarchies, in which the
monarchs position is not directly involved in governance. Rather, a constitutionally organized
government, including a legislature and judiciary, generally shares power with the monarch. The
limits to the monarchs involvement may be conventional or legally proscribed.

One common type of government in Europe is the parliamentary system, This form of
democracy, one party or numerous parties in coalition form the government. The leadership of the
legislature, or parliament, is based on the parties with greatest representation in the
legislature; its leader is called the prime minister or chancellor. An example is Germany. Such
a system may also coexist with a monarchy, as in Great Britain.

In the
presidential system, the president is the head of state as well as the head of government. In
the EU, only Cyprus is a presidential republic. France is one of the EU democracies that uses a
semi-presidential system, with both a president and a prime minister. The French president is
directly elected by popular vote. In Italy and several other EU countries, the president is
elected by parliament or another representative body.

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