How was the murderer caught?

The
reader spends the grand majority of 's waiting for justice to finally
catch up to Mr. Harvey, the middle-aged sexual predator who brutally rapes and kills Susie
Salmon, the narrator. Unfortunately, that particular reckoning never occurs. Near the end of the
book, it appears that Mr. Harvey has not only gotten away with his crimes but also is about to
add another victim to his list. However, while the authorities never catch up to him, the world
finds a way to deliver justice.

The last the reader sees of Mr. Harvey is as
he is stalking yet another girl near the end of the book. He emerges from a Greyhound bus and
goes into a diner. Shortly after, a teenage girl who had been on the bus comes in. Susie, the
narrator, states,

It was a teenage girl who had sat a few
rows ahead of him for the last few...

What is the significance of the advice given by the narrator's grandfather in "Battle Royal" by Ralph Ellison?

,
published as a short story and then as the first chapter in The ,
bypresents the main character, the unnamed young, black narrator. The story takes place in the
1930s in a town which is fully segregated. Told by the older narrator, he reminiscences about
his early life.

The initial incident in the story concerns the death of the s
grandfather.  On his death bed, the grandfather purports to being a spy in the white mans
world.  The old man explains that the life of the black man is a war to gain their
independence. He became whatever the white world wanted him to be.  It is unclear to whom he
feels he has betrayed:  his race, himself, or his family.

He advises his
children to maintain two identities: the bitter, resentful part of themselves and the
stereotypical model of the meek, subservient Negro.  From this model, his descendants can
protect their personal self-respect, yet internally despise the second-class
citizen...

Can someone please explain the theme of this poem? The link is here. http://www.familyfriendpoems.com/poem/a-soldier-died-alone#ixzz2KVgdXicy

Some themes
that seem to be present in this poem are loneliness at death, the purpose of war, and that which
turns a boy into a man. At one point in the poem, the soldier gets shot and holds onto a friend
as he starts to pass away. It would seem from this line that the boy is not truly alone, but
then remembering the fact that the picture of his family is with him reminds us that a person
would probably prefer to die among family rather than out on a dusty desert on the other side of
the world.  Since the soldier is just a young man, the word "boy" is used to identify
his youth and that he should have many more years ahead of him. The whole situation grants the
boy manhood which is defined by many as facing the worst with courage. In this poem he holds his
head high even though he knows it's the end and he probably feels angry and afraid. Another
theme that is brought up is the Judeo-Christian teachings of "thou shalt not kill" in
contrast to how the boy dies. Many themes are interwoven throughout this poem's tapestry for
sure.

A radio wave travels 186000 miles per sec, how many kilometers will the wave travel in one microsecond if 1 mile=1.61 km.

A radio wave
travels 186000 miles per second. 1 mile is equivalent to 1.61 km. 186000 miles is equivalent to
186000*1.61 = 299460 km.

The radio wave travels 299460 km per second. It
travels 299460*10^-6 = 0.299460 km in one microsecond.

A radio
wave travels 0.299460 km in one microsecond.

In 1984 by George Orwell, what simile is used to place Julia's coarse remarks about the Inner Party into a natural response?

There is a lot
going on in the passage you describe. Short answer: the narrator compares the
coarse languageuses to a natural response, like when a horse smells bad hay and cannot help but
to sneeze. It is a signal of her resistance to the Inner Party, an involuntary
reaction to the injustice. This passage appears in chapter 2 of part 2 if you would like to read
the rest for context, and I have quoted thebelow.

It was
merely one symptom of her revolt against the Party and all its ways, and somehow it seemed
natural and healthy, like the sneeze of a horse that smells bad hay.

The narrator is inside 's head at this point, giving Winston's
perspective on the things that Julia says. He also uses other literary devices to describe the
language, such as when he talks about the bad words she uses being like the bad words one sees
"chalked up in dripping alley-ways."

By making the sneeze
comparison and implying that her coarse language is involuntary, the narrator removes any fault
Julia may have committed in Winston's eyes. He agrees with her dislike of the Inner Party and
appreciates that it is so natural to her character to speak so negatively about
it.

How may prejudice and discrimination contribute to ethnocentrism?

The
relationship between prejudice and discrimination on the one hand and ethnocentrism on the other
is not one-way.  While prejudice and discrimination can help to bring ethnocentrism about,
ethnocentrism can also cause prejudice and discrimination.

Ethnocentrism is
the attitude that our own ethnic group is superior to others.  Naturally, such an attitude can
lead to prejudice and discrimination.  If you feel that your ethnic group is...

What are the positive and negative perspectives about Gregor Samsa's change in Franz Kafka's "The Metamorphosis"?

Gregor Samsa
is the main character and most developed character in the short story "" by . He is an
average man, a worker who seems to blend in with the rest of society. He represents the virtues
of his age and middle-class values: Gregor is dependable, supports his family, and works at a
regular job. His job, which he despises, is that of a traveling salesman. He does the work to
support his family out of a sense of duty, and particularly to pay off his father. Gregor's boss
is hostile and difficult, and Gregor gets little satisfaction from his work. In some ways, the
character of Gregor resembles theof Camus's The Stranger, a man who is
somewhat removed from his own life, and when he finally makes waves eventually accepts his
fate.

Once Gregor wakes up one day to discover he's been transformed into a
giant insect (probably a cockroach, or perhaps a beetleit's never totally clear), he is both
horrified by his condition yet mildly relieved that he...

Forster tries to shift the theme of the novel from history to philosophy. Do you agree? Give a reasoned answer.

s
is historical in that it depicts conditions that existed in a particular
period of time and in a particular place. It is also, of course, a novel. As with most novels
that occur against a backdrop of historical relevance, A Passage to India
is much more than a recitation or description of history. In fact, Forsters classic is about a
topic of continuing sociological and political relevance: colonialism and the confrontations
that existed between the powerful and the oppressed.

At the heart of
A Passage to India is the relationship between an English schoolteacher,
Adela Quested, and a young Indian physician, Dr. Aziz, who takes it upon himself to show his
native country to Adela and her travel companion, Mrs. Moore. The storys main conflict revolves
around a mysterious development in the darkened caves to which Dr. Aziz takes these proper
Englishwomen on a tour. Forster takes great pains to illuminate the contrasts between
civilizations with imperial...

In act 2, "Here I am, a shy, diffident sort man". What can you say on this judgement of himself made by Higgins to the Colonel Pickering. Pygmalion

This part of
the dialogue comes from Act 2 of the Shavian play , during a conversation
between Mrs. Pearce and Higgins. The situation at this point is that Eliza needs to be washed as
part of her transformation, her old clothes need to be thrown away, and her hat will go in the
oven as a way to disinfect it.

Aside from the physical cleanliness of Eliza,
Mrs. Pearce tells Higgins that she is concerned about some of his verbal utterances, as well as
many of his table manners. After Mrs. Pearce basically runs down a list of things begging Mr.
Higgins not to do them for the sake of Eliza's education, Higgins realizes that he has been
under the scope of Mrs. Pearce all this time. This is when he tells Col. Pickering:

You know, Pickering, that woman has the most extraordinary ideas
about me. Here I am, a shy, diffident sort of man. I've never been able to feel really grown-up
and tremendous, like other chaps. And yet she's firmly persuaded that I'm an arbitrary
overbearing bossing kind of person. I can't account for it.

All the time while Mrs. Pearce listed all the things that Mr. Higgins does- which are
all wild and show a lack of class- Higgins consistently denies that he ever does any of that.
From what we can gather as an audience, Higgins has a much higher perception of himself than he
thinks. He only hides his obstinacy by calling himself derogatory adjectives, such as
"diffident" and "shy". 

However, a man who does all the
things that Mr. Higgins does at the table is anything but shy and diffident. He just likes to do
as he pleases, which is the main reason that he declares to remain a bachelor for the rest of
his life. In Higgins we see someone that has lived by himself too long and has lost tact of what
other people's perceptions are of himself. Hence, he has created an idea of what he is like,
which contrasts tremendously with what Mrs. Pearce witnesses every day of her life under his
employment.

In Oedipus Rex, when does Jocasta begin to suspect the truth about her marriage?

Initially,attempts to ease 's mind by explaining to him that the prophecy regarding
Laius's fate was not fulfilled because he was murdered by three strangers at a place where the
three roads meet. It was prophesied that Laius's son would one day kill him. As a result of the
earlier prophecy, Laius and Jocasta took precautions by fusing their son's ankles together and
leaving him in the mountains to die as an infant.

Later on, aarrives from
Corinth and informs Jocasta that Oedipus's father, Polybus, has died from illness, which means
that the prophecy did not come true. Jocasta is once again reassured because she is under the
belief that Polybus is Oedipus's biological father. However, the messenger then informs Oedipus
that he is not Polybus's biological son and says that Oedipus was discovered as a child in the
mountains by a shepherd. The messenger recalls a shepherd saving Oedipus as an infant and then
bringing him to Polybus, who raised him as his son. It is at...

It was at _____ that the U.S. President told Stalin about the atomic bombYalta Casablanca Tehran Potsdam

The
answer to this question is 4-Potsdam. The US President in question was Harry S. Truman. The
United States first successfully tested an atomic bomb in New Mexico as the Potsdam Conference
was beginning, and Truman strongly hinted to Stalin at the conference that...

Discuss the significance of the title of the short story ''The Empty Chest'' written by Indira Goswami.

Indira
Goswami's short story "The Empty Chest" is set in Assam, "on the fringes of the
cremation ground under the shrine of Kamakhya." Theis Toradoi, a woman who lives with her
children in a shack and ekes out an existence for her small family now that her husband has been
taken to jail. She has been married for ten years, and her life was not always like this. When
she combed her hair on her wedding day, she could not feel the bones of her head and shoulders
as she can now, indicating that things are not the worst they have ever been for Toradoi and her
little family.

This little family is not the only one subsisting on the
leftovers and prospects of the cremation ground. The houses are all rather leaky with holes and
gaps, and the people all kind of spy on one another. We slowly come to understand that there is
something unusual in Toradoi's house which is causing quite a stir of gossip and spying on her
household. At first she just refers to it as a "black box," but then we learn is it
actually a wooden chest. The narrator explains the chest's presence this way:

Its very existence was a source of strength to Toradoi.

As the descriptions continue, we learn that this box is ornately
carved and is quite large. Then we get this line, and we understand exactly what the wooden
chest is:

she wriggled into the huge chest and lay there,
leaving its cavernous mouth open.

The wooden box is a
casket, and it has become obvious that it is the casket of someone she loved very
much.

At this point in the story, we do not quite know what to make of her
obsession with the casket or why it seems to bring her comfort. In fact, it is not until her
brother (a policeman) arrives, that we learn a few essential details. In the course of a
conversation between the siblings, we learn that Toradoi's husband is in prison, that she loved
a man far above her station, that the man (Saru Bopa) vowed to marry her, that this relationship
has lasted for twelve years, that Saru Bopa died in a car accident. 

These
are all interesting facts and explain the woman's attachment to his empty casket, discarded
after the man's body was cremated; however, the most interesting fact to be revealed is
something Toradoi did not know, either. Saru Bopa, the man she loved and assumed would remain a
bachelor since he could not marry her, his true love, was actually on his way home to get
married when he was involved in the accident.

This is a crushing blow, but
Toradoi's brother thinks it is better for her to know the truth and face it, and the reality
changes everything for Toradoi. 

The title, then, represents the literal
death but also also encapsulates the theme of the story, at least in a sense. The empty box is
literally the box which once held her beloved's body. It is now empty because he is gone. On a
figurative level, the box was a symbol of the love Toradoi and Saru Bopa shared and thus she
clings to it as the tangible memory of that love. It is no longer just an empty box but a
physical representation of their love. It is not really empty, then, because it is full of love
and even her own body when she sleeps in it. Once she learns the truth, however, the beautiful
casket is just an empty box. It is devoid of all emotions, including
love. 

href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamoni_Raisom_Goswami">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamoni_Raisom_Goswami

What is the significance of the street vendor at the end of Scene 9 in A Streetcar Named Desire?

During
Scene 9, Mitch confronts Blanche with her deceptions, and she finally tells him the truth about
herself. As a backdrop to the scene, a blind Mexican woman selling "gaudy tin flowers that
lower-class Mexicans display at funerals" continually sings out in Spanish, "Flowers,
flowers, flowers for the dead." Before the woman appears, Blanche has already been reliving
Allan's death in her mind, unable to get the polka tune out of her head that was playing when he
shot himself. She explains to Mitch why she turned to promiscuity: "After the death of
Allanintimacies with strangers was all I seemed able to fill my empty heart
with."

Then the street vendor comes to the door, and Blanche turns her
away, slamming the door in fear after her. The "flowers for the dead" interruption
seems eerily timely given Blanche's recent words; it also stirs in her the memories of her
elderly relations she had to watch over as they diedtrying to deny the reality of death the
whole time. Blanche continues, "Death ... the opposite is desire. So do you wonder? How
could you possibly wonder!" This reveals a side of Blanche Mitch and viewers haven't seen
before, giving her backstory depth and sympathy. To escape the horror of "blood-stained
pillow-slips" and "the long parade to the graveyard," Blanche turned to sexual
liaisons with soldiers from the nearby training camp. After her intimacies with them, "the
paddy-wagon would gather them up like daisies." After the word daisies, and throughout this
section, the Mexican woman repeats her cry, "Flowers for the dead." 

The Mexican woman's appearance creates the objective correlative of death that
punctuates the scene. Without a tangible representation of the presence of death that drove
Blanche to drown her pain in promiscuity, this scene would be much less powerful. The woman and
her chant help viewers experience more deeply the emotions that Blanche describes and displays
during this scene.

href="https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/documents/Objective_Correlative.pdf">https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/documents/Objective_Correlati...

Why were the Spanish able to conquer and colonize the Americas?

Many
historians interpretations of Spanish New World imperialism traditionally identified conquest
and colonization as two distinct processes, with conquest having been completed first. More
recent ethnohistorical and archaeological investigations have shown that both processes worked
together and, in many parts of the Americas, conquest in terms of military defeat was not a
significant part of the Spanish strategy.

In terms of military engagements,
conflicting cultural visions of battle were one significant factor that contributed to many
initial Spanish victories. Because the Spaniards were newcomers, they were unfamiliar with the
cultural norms of armed conflict that predominated in most parts of the Americas. Warfare had a
strongly ritualized component, and the rules of engagement included such features as auspicious
times to conduct battle, taking and enslaving of prisoners who would later be exchanged, and
ceasing combat after a fixed period of...

How can I find the elements of music in the song/score "Time" from the movie Inceptionby Hans Zimmer? What are the dynamics, form, harmony, melody,...

Hans
Zimmer is a composer famous for his work on the "epic" genre of action and adventure
movies, and his composition "Time" certainly brings that feeling to the table. When
trying to dissect the elements, it's as simple as just speaking the musical language.

Dynamics refer to the changes in volume throughout the piece, as we can clearly hear in
"Time," the piece starts of at a muted and low dynamic, and slowly swells to a roaring
forte, a dynamic term that simply means "loud."

When discerning the rhythm of a piece, try to count it out. Tap your toes or clap your
hands along to the beat of the piece and see if you can find a pattern. When you tap along to
"Time," you may notice that after you count to four, the chord changes. That is
because "Time," just like the overwhelming majority of musical pieces, is in the time
signature of 4/4.

The melody is the lead of the piece. Put simply, it's the
part you'll most likely find yourself humming if the song is...

In "Young Goodman Brown," what is the wickedness that Brown witnesses, and how are he and Faith involved in it?

Brown
witnesses a black mass, during which many of the people he always thought were pious,
God-fearing Christians appear to be devil-worshippers. I say "appear" because it's not
immediately obvious that the assembled throng really are in league with Satan, or just playing
around with the forces of darkness for a cheap thrill. For when a dark, Satanic figure beckons
Brown and his wife, Faith, to step forward to the altar and become fully-fledged acolytes of the
Desolate One, Faith hesitates, apparently realizing that this isn't just a big game; her mortal
soul's at stake.

Whether this really happened or was all just a dream, Brown
has become more skeptical of accepting people at face value. It doesn't matter how respectable
they may appear on the surface; what...

What are 4 key events that take place on the Dark Planet in A Wrinkle in Time?

Theof the
story happens on the dark planet of Camazotz, where Meg and Charles Wallace's father is
imprisoned. If I had to identify the most important four, it would be these:

1) Charles Wallace attempts to fight The Man with the Red Eyes and fails. He becomes
hypnotized by the Man and acts coldly and dismissively towards the others. 

2) Charles Wallace and the Man take Calvin and Meg to see Meg and Charles' father, who
has been locked up in a dark room. Using Mrs. Who's spectacles, Meg helps him escape.

3) Charles, still hypnotized, despite Calvin's attempt at shaking him out of it by
reciting lines from The Tempest, insists that they all see IT. IT turns out
to be huge brain, which tries to pull them into its pulsating rhythm. Meg is slipping when Mr.
Murry tessers with her and Calvin in tow. 

Interlude! Off of Camazotz, Meg is
furious with her father for leaving Charles behind. Everyone is recovering, because Mr. Murry is
not super at tessering. Meg realizes that only she can save Charles and returns to Camazotz on
her own.

4) Back on the dark planet, Meg confronts her little brother, having
discovered the gift she has that IT does not: love. She declares her love for her little brother
and they tesser back to their home on Earth. 

Did the author intend Farquhar's escape to seem believable?

Yes, the
author certainly intended Peyton Farquhar's escape to be believable. That is the heart and soul
of the story. The reader identifies with Farquhar and shares his thoughts and feelings in his
imagination. The reader also has a "kinesthetic" relationship with the . He can feel
the rope around his neck, feel himself falling, feel the shock of the icy-cold water, and all
the other physical sensations involved in his escape from that terrible situation. This is a
marvelous conception and a marvelous piece of writing. The reader is closely united with
Farquhar right up to the very moment when he reaches the safety of his plantation and is greeted
with open arms by his loving wife.

Ah, how beautiful she
is! He springs forwards with extended arms. As he is about to clasp her he feels a stunning blow
upon the back of the neck; a blinding white light blazes all about him with a sound like the
shock of a cannon--then all is darkness and silence!

What
a rude awakening that is! Everything has been an illusion, and the whole fantasy of escaping and
surviving has been imagined by Farquhar in the few seconds it has taken for him to fall from the
bridge and for the six or eight feet of slack in the rope to play out. The strength of the
illusion was the result of the strength of his desire to live, to be free, to get back to his
home and to his loving wife.

In his cynical book The Devil's
Dictionary,defines "Hope" as:

Desire
and expectation rolled into one.

It seems appropriate
that an idealistic character like Peyton Farquhar should entertain such idealistic and
unrealistic fantasies while falling through empty space during his last moment of life. He was
easily taken in by the Federal scout's fabricated story because he wanted to believe it. The
bridge seemed to offer the perfect opportunity for Farquhar to perform a dangerous and noble
deed for the Southern cause. His dream of glory ended with the sudden shock of grim reality. The
reader too is awakened simultaneously from the dream of home, peace, love, comfort, freedom, and
all the good things of life.

Peyton Farquhar was dead; his
body, with a broken neck, swung gently from side to side beneath the timbers of the Owl Creek
bridge.

 

Who is the main character in Game by Walter Dean Myers?

The main
character of 's Game is Drew Larson, a High School senior living in Harlem.
Drew's life largely revolves around the game of basketball, at which he excels more so than any
other player on his team. Drew dreams of playing basketball at a college and perhaps even
professional level, which his loving family supports. This nurturing environment is juxtaposed
against the brutal reality of Harlem, where crime, poverty, and abuse run rampant.


Drew finds conflict in his life when two white boys from the Czech Republic
join the team, and one of them is a talent comparable to Drew. With scouting season approaching,
this is extraordinarily frustrating. Drew balances this with school and the woes of life in his
troubled neighborhood that he hopes to overcome.

How and why would Luke have edited Mark 14:3€“9 when contrasted with Luke 7:36€“50?

The answer
to your question appears to be self-evidentthe account in Luke is how he would have edited
Mark'sbecause both passages seem to refer to the same incident, although there are a few
differences in detail. Jesus is invited to eat in the house of a man named Simon. While he is
there, a woman acknowledged to be a sinner appears and uses ointment from an alabaster box to
wash Jesus. In each account, Jesus justifies the woman's actions and speaks highly of
her.

To account for the discrepancies in the narratives and why Luke would
have written and edited Mark's version differently, it's important to remember two things: the
two writers have vastly different styles, and neither writer was present when the incident at
Simon's house took place. They are both basing their writings on stories that they have heard
from eyewitnesses or even from second- or third-hand sources.

Neither of the
two writers was one of Jesus's original twelve apostles. Although it's impossible
to...

In Oedipus Rex, what are three key steps in Oedipus's journey towards self-knowledge?

The key
steps that lead to ' self-knowledge all involve revelations of hidden relationships between
himself andand Laius -- revelations that prove that the oracle he has spent so many years trying
to outrun has caught up with him.  Oedipus discovers that he has indeed killed his father
(Laius) and married his mother (Jocasta).

1. The first step or
   revelation is that the man whom he has murdered on the road to Thebes was Laius, Jocasta's first
   husband.  At first, the magnitude (that this was also his father) of this isn't clear.  But it
   is step one for Oedipus in discovering the truth about his past.  Beginning at line 770, Oedipus
   delivers a long speech in which he unravels the events that led to his killing Laius.


2. Step two is when Oedipus learns from thethat has come to tell him of his adopted
   father Polybus' death that Polybus was not his natural father.  At line 1017, the Messenger
   says:  "Polybus was no kin to you in blood."  This cracks the door for Oedipus...

What is a thought-provoking question for Part 2, Chapter 7, of George Orwell's 1984?

Asandfall
more deeply in love with each other and their relationship develops, Winston, in chapter seven
of Part II, begins to have more memories of his mother and his childhood. Why do you think his
relationship with Julia triggers these memories? What is the connection between his mother and
Julia?

Winston also becomes less hate-filled as his relationship with Julia
grows. He realizes, for instance, that for the first time, he does not despise the proles. He
begins to see them as fully human, and he theorizes that they represent an old-fashioned form of
humanity that does not exist in Party members. He think that, for the proles,

What mattered were individual relationships, and a completely
helpless gesture, an embrace, a tear, a word spoken to a dying man, could have value in itself.
. . .The proles had stayed human. They had not become hardened inside.

Do you believe that what Winston surmises about the Proles is true,
or is he simply being sentimental? How can you support your opinion?

Finally,
after Winston and Julia discuss their inevitable torture and death, Winston thinks:

They could lay bare in the utmost detail
everything that you had done or said or thought; but the inner heart, whose workings were
mysterious even to yourself, remained impregnable.

Based
on a reading of the novel, do you believe this is true? Look particularly at the end of the
novel, when Winston is in the Chestnut Cafe. Is there a part of himself that Winston has kept
separate from the Party?

Interpret the poem "Having lost my sons, I Confront the Wreckage of the Moon: Christmas, 1960" by James Wright in terms of war, as in those days...

In
"Having Lost My Sons, I Confront the Wreckage of the Moon: Christmas, 1960,"uses
strongto evoke feelings of isolation and disconnection.  The poem centers around imagery of the
moon, and throughout the poem, the speaker asserts himself as being on the periphery, an
outsider.  The poem definitely speaks to Wright's own personal problems at the time, his
separation from his wife and sons because of marital problems, but the poem could also be
analyzed through the lens of a greater national, social ennui and the Vietnam War. 

When I read the poem, I really get a sense of Wright aligning himself with his common
motif found in much of his poetry, the outsider.  The image of him looking at the ruins of the
great white city, all frosty in the moonlight reveals him as being on the outside looking in; he
is not a part of the city, much as he is no longer part of his family.  At the same time, the
images of death incorporated into the poem, like the imagery of the old gravestones, could tie
into Wright's prevalent theme of death (also found in many of his poems).  Wright is definitely
a social poet; if he says something in his poem, he usually is trying to make a point about a
larger social issue.  All of the deathly images in the poem coupled with the notion of the
"beautiful white ruins of America" could definitely speak to his fears of America's
moral collapse due to their participation in a war that so many Americans oppose. 

The biggest feeling I take away from Wright's poem is the over-whelming sense of
desolation evoked by his deathly white imagery; the poem feels stark and cold.  Although the
poem is not overtly anti-Vietnam, it does not have to be to convey Wright's feelings on that
night in 1960; his work is never simple or merely addresses a single issue or emotion.  Wright
portrays a world without color or life, against the background of ruined America.  The imagery
perfectly captures the winter desolation and the speaker's own disconnection to the world around
him.

 

What's the theme of "Men of color, to arms'' by Frederick Douglass?

The following response needs to be at least 4 pages. Is there a way to appreciate and understand the Eucharist between transubstantiation and pure...

I should note
first that we aren't allowed to complete essay assignments for students. However, I can give you
some thoughts to help you with this question.

There are a variety of
Eucharistic theologies that take positions between transubstantiation and the position that the
Eucharist is merely symbolic. The exact differences between these perspectives can be rather
specific, so it's helpful to begin by outlining what sets transubstantiation apart.

Transubstantiation holds that the real substance / essence of the bread and wine used
in the Eucharist become, in reality, the body and blood of Christ. While the
"accidents" of the elements (their taste, texture, chemical properties, etc.) remain
unchanged.

While some Eastern Orthodox Christians believe in
transubstantiation, it is not a universal belief. Rather, Eastern Orthodox Christians are united
by a non-specific belief that the elements undergo a "definitive change" which may or
may not be understood as equivalent to transubstantiation.

Consubstantiation,
a belief held by early Christian writer John Martyr, the Lollards, and others holds that the
elements maintain their physical substances while the presence of Christ comes down and also
dwells in the bread and wine.

The Lutheran Church holds a believe in
sacramental union in which Christ's body and blood are present in consecrated bread and wine,
but they contrast this view with consubstantiation because the view of sacramental emphasizes
that it is not the power of a priest or of human words that enacts the change, but the words of
initiation spoken by Christ which, once and for all, allowed his substance to be present in all
consecrated bread and wine.

Similar to the Eastern belief in "definitive
change," Anglicans and Methodists generally assert that a real change takes place, but that
they should hold a "pious silence about technicalities" and avoid metaphysical
speculation.

The Reformed Church holds to a view of "real spiritual
presence" in which faithful partakers, through the power of the Holy Spirit, experience the
body, blood, and spirit of Christ in their taking of the Eucharist. This view is also unspecific
as to the metaphysical nature of this change, but explicitly excludes explanations of
transubstantiation, consubstantiation, and pure symbolism.

This survey shows
that many Christians have held views across the centuries that stand apart from pure symbolism
and from transubstantiation. However, it can be hard to get a handle on the exact nature of
these distinctions. Because of the way in which transubstantiation often functions as a vague
metaphysical model for what takes place during the Eucharist and because of the intentionally
and explicitly non-specific nature of many alternative models, discussing the nature of these
differences gets hairy.

Some reject the rigidity and specificity of
transubstantiation. Others argue that such metaphysical speculation is unnecessary for Christian
faith and that making doctrine out of it is unnecessarily divisive. Others feel that
transubstantiation grants too much mystical power to the role played by the priest and which to
emphasize the faith of the believer, the role of the Holy Spirit, or that of Christ's words of
initiation. Others simply think it is crucial to recognize the physicality of the bread and wine
as bread and wine, not just empty elements converted into the body and blood of
Christ.

It is also worth noting that many who would generally be categorized
as holding that the Eucharist is "purely symbolic" will still hold that Christ is
present in a real and meaningful way among those taking part in the rite, citing the idea that
Christ is present any time that two or more Christians gather in worship.

In
many ways, the distinctions between these doctrines seem to have less to do with real,
substantial differences in how Christians understand the Eucharist and more with building up a
theological justification for the divides between different denominations of Christians. Most
Christians do not employ the kinds of metaphysical frameworks used to distinguish
transubstantiation from other Eucharistic theologies except around these specific questions, and
thus it is easy for distinctions to become mere dogma rather than substantial differences in
belief.

Returning to your original question of how to appreciate the
Eucharist, I would argue that one can recognize the way in which Christians have meaningful
experiences of the presence of Christ in their taking of the Eucharist without committing to a
specific metaphysical model of what happens to "the substance" of the bread and
wine.

To call the rite "mere symbolism" can function to deny its
power to faithful partakers and to commit to a rigid doctrine of transubstantiation centers
questions of "substance" that are otherwise foreign to most Christians. Simply
recognizing what believers can experience and maintaining that Christ/God/the Holy Spirit can be
present and work through the mystery of the Eucharist is a flexible framework that recognizes
the experience of worshipers as central.

What does Hester look like as she "issues out of the prison"? The appearance of Hester when she is summoned out of prison.

In
Chapter II of the reader finally meetsand sees who the town has gathered
to watch.  After much speculation, it is expected that young Hester will emerge from the jail
defeated or at least embarrassed, but this is not the woman we see.

And never had Hester Prynne appeared more lady-like, in the antiqueinterpretation of
the term, than as she issued from the prison. Thosewho had before known her, and had expected to
behold her dimmed andobscured by a disastrous cloud, were astonished, and even startled,
toperceive how her beauty shone out, and made a halo of the misfortune and ignominy in which she
was enveloped.

Those the came to see Hester looking sad
or...

In the tragedy Romeo and Juliet, the elder Capulets and Montagues enter in act 1, scene 1 (lines 71€“76). How does Lady Capulet add a touch of comic...

In the
opening scene of the play, a fight breaks out between the Montague and Capulet servants which
quickly escalates to a brawl as members of the warring families get involved, despite the
citizens' best efforts to stop the fight. Whendraws his sword to break up the melee,arrives on
the...

How does Atticus defend Calpurnia from Aunt Alexandra in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird?

does defend
Calpurnia inas previous answers conclude. Aunt Alexandra is worried that the children's
association with Calpurnia is getting too casual because she invited them to her home.would love
to go see Calpurnia's home and pay her a visit, but Aunt Alexandra objects because she believes
that her family should not associate with people outside of their social class. Scout overhears
Atticus tell his sister that he will never get rid of Calpurnia for a few reasons: first,
Calpurnia is not a threat and she's practically family; second, "the children love
her"; and third, she's the closest thing to a mother that the kids know and she's taught
them many good things (137).

Atticus also tells Alexandra that she should
not have to work herself so hard anyway. Calpurnia does the cooking and cleaning, which gives
Aunt Alexandra time to focus on the children as Atticus becomes very busy with the Tom Robinson
case. Because Atticus is polite, yet direct with the way he...

What are the effects of sin on Hester, Pearl, Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth in The Scarlet Letter?

Ultimately,
theof , , , andare united through this act of adultery committed by Hester and Dimmesdale.Their
sin produces Pearl and is the catalyst for Chillingworth's maniacal pursuit of revenge.Yet, the
effects this sin has on each of these four characters is varied.The main differentiation is that
Hester and Pearl are forcefully isolated and rejected by society because of the sin while
Chillingworth and Dimmesdale choose to isolate themselves.

Throughout the
novel, Hester's kindness and skill are seen as secondary through the eyes of those who know her
infidelity, and they consider her wearing of the scarlet letter to be a prideful choice.In a
way, Hester's choice demonstrates her acceptance of her sin and is therefore the character with
the most maturity in terms of dealing with the sin.Pearl, similarly, is seen from her birth as a
literal symbol of Hester's infidelity and is therefore vilified by both children and adults in
the...

How does the Ghost of Christmas Present help Scrooge become a better person in A Christmas Carol?

The Ghost of Christmas Present helps Scrooge become a better person by
showing him people who get more out of life than he does.

Scrooge is a lonely, miserable man.  He has no one in his life because he has pushed
them all away.  His only friend, his partner Jacob, died on Christmas Eve seven years before the
book begins.  He decides to give Scrooge an opportunity to become a better person.   The first
ghost shows Scrooge how to get in touch with his emotions by reminding him that he hasnt always
been this way.  He used to have people who cared about him.  The second ghost shows Scrooge how
he affects others.

Scrooge sees many people celebrating Christmas and
enjoying themselves, whatever the circumstances, when he is with the Ghost of Christmas
Present.  However, it is his glimpses of the Cratchit family and Fred celebrating that really
reach him.  Scrooge realizes that he could have people in his life if he wanted them.

Scrooge is very impressed with Tiny Tim.  Scrooge has...

How do poems by Gwerful Mechain and European love lyrics compare to other poetic works such as ancient Egyptian love poetry, the Song of Songs, or...

Gwerful Mechain was a Welsh female poet,
which in itself was fairly unique among European love lyrics. There are some similarities
between most European love poems and the ancient poetry mentioned. To generalize, most love
poems written by medieval Europeans, like those from the more ancient past, were in praise of
the female body and physical beauty. As Gwerful Mechain wryly puts it in "The Female
Genitals," making fun of the typical love poetry of her time,

Its €˜your hair lay on the pillow like a sleepy golden storm,
€˜girl of the
golden brow and €˜soft wet eyes,
€˜sweet rosy breasts, something dancing like
fireflies...

Compare this to the Song of Songs:

How beautiful you are, my darling!
Oh, how
beautiful!
Your eyes behind your veil are doves.
Your hair is like a flock of
goats
descending from the hills of Gilead.
Your teeth are like a flock of
sheep just shorn,
coming up from the washing.
Each has its twin;
not
one of them is alone.
Your lips are like a scarlet ribbon;
your mouth is
lovely.
Your temples behind your veil
are like the halves of a
pomegranate...

It is such similar wording, you can easily
see how the European love lyricists were inspired by poetry from an older time. When it comes to
celebrating and describing female beauty, metaphors and similes abound; poets seem endlessly
able to find new ways to refer to female bodies. Interestingly, they also have a tendency to
pick apart the woman's body and remark on each bit in turn. In a sense, this is removing the
woman's whole identity and only offering her as a collection of beautiful anatomy. For example,
this Ancient Egyptian love poem states the following:

My
one, the sister without peer,

The handsomest of
all!

She looks like the rising morning star

At the start
of a happy year.

Shining bright, fair of skin,

Lovely the
look of her eyes,

Sweet the speech of her lips,

She has
not a word too much.

Upright neck, shining breast,

Hair
true lapis lazuli;

Arms surpassing gold,

Fingers like
lotus buds.

Heavy thighs, narrow waist,

Her legs parade
her beauty;

With graceful step she treads the ground,

Captures my heart by her movements.

She causes all men's
necks

To turn about to see her;

Joy has he whom she
embraces,

He is like the first of men!

When she steps
outside she seems

Like that the Sun!

Once again, we know everything about the woman except her personality and her own
desires. Notably, everything about the woman is named and celebrated except her genitals.
Everyone knows that is what surely must be on the lusty poet's mind, but he (or she) is
culturally inhibited from saying so. In this, Gwerful Mechain breaks the mold. She proudly
celebrates the actual female genitals, giving them names both cheeky and admiring and
proclaiming them as the center of all interest. As she states:

They are things of some strength, taking regular beatings...

Then she goes on to describe the vulva in flowery poetic language,
which once again echoes what we have noticed with the previous poems. However, she wishes male
poets would be more direct in just calling it what it is. With wonderful good humor and true
wit, Gwerful Mechain offers a true poem celebrating women's sexuality.

Although her work is written in a very different style, she might perhaps have
appreciated the more direct approach of Catullus. He was less shy (though equally lyrical) in
describing the physical effects of love:

Lesbia, come, let
us live and love, and be
deaf to the vile jabber of the ugly old fools,
the
sun may come up each day but when our
star is out...our night, it shall last forever
and
give me a thousand kisses and a hundred more
a thousand more again, and
another hundred,
another thousand, and again a hundred more,
as we kiss these
passionate thousands let
us lose track; in our oblivion, we will avoid
the
watchful eyes of stupid, evil peasants
hungry to figure out
how many kisses we
have kissed.

His passion is so evident, and he is not
afraid to express the volume of their kisses in a way that likely would have made medieval
European poets blush. This poem is an invitation to love. That is something even Gwerful Machain
could appreciate. Sappho is a bit more emotional in her expression of love and physical
desire:

For whenever I look at you even briefly

I can no longer say a single thing,

but my tongue is frozen in
silence;

instantly a delicate flame runs beneath my skin;

with my eyes I see nothing;

my ears make a whirring noise.

A cold sweat covers me,

trembling seizes my body,

and I am greener than grass.

Lacking but little of death do I
seem.

Love is cruel indeed! It wracks the body and makes
one feel almost ill. This, as described by Sappho, is also present in many European love poems.
One might say her emotional sensitivity is due to her being a woman, but Gwerful Machain would
probably have suggested a more direct approach to resolving this physical agony.

Therefore, we must look at these poems more as a collection of works, all on the theme
of sexuality and love. If we do that, it is clear that there are more similarities than
differences. Gwerful Machain truly stands out among them. After all, she was not afraid to get
right to the point in her most famous poem, "The Female Genitals."

Sources:

href="https://bodyliterature.com/2012/10/30/gwerful-mechain/">https://bodyliterature.com/2012/10/30/gwerful-mechain/

href="https://www.uh.edu/~cldue/texts/sappho.html">https://www.uh.edu/~cldue/texts/sappho.html

href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song%20of%20Songs+4&version=NIV">https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song%20of%20Songs+4&version=NIV

href="http://www.humanistictexts.org/egyptlov.htm">http://www.humanistictexts.org/egyptlov.htm#Sister%20Without%20Peer

href="https://intranslation.brooklynrail.org/latin/eleven-poems-of-catullus/">http://intranslation.brooklynrail.org/latin/eleven-poems-of-catullus

In "A Rose for Emily" were Emily and Tobe lovers? It states that on Tobe's bed there was an indention and a gray hair on the other pillow.

To
clarify, it wasn't on's bed that the indentation and hair was found; it was on a bed up in the
attic.  On the other pillow was a rotted skeleton of a human man.  That's a pretty big
clarification to be made.  The bed itself was behind a door that was closed shut and very
difficult to get into; they almost had to break it down to get in. This implies that Tobe, the
servant, probably didn't really go in there, or the door would have...

In To Kill A Mockingbird, in which chapter does Atticus accept the case of Tom Robinson from Judge Taylor?

The trial
of Tom Robinson hangs like an enormous weight over the Finch household in the chapters leading
up to the actual court proceedings. , it is made clear in , is representing Tom, who has been
unjustly accused of raping a white woman by the town's most virulently racist example of
"white trash," Bob Ewell.is troubled by accusations she has heard from others about
her father's role in defending Tom, Atticus being an attorney and respected citizen of Maycomb.
How and why Atticus came to be in this position, however, is only incrementally revealed. It is
in Chapter 9, that Scout challenges her father for the reason he has taken such a
highly-divisive case:

If you shouldnt be defendin€˜ him,
then why are you doin it?

For a number of reasons, said Atticus. The main
one is, if I didnt I couldnt hold up my head in town, I couldnt represent this county in the
legislature, I couldnt even tell you ornot to do something again.

This sentiment -- and it is repeated inwhen Atticus states, "This case,
Tom Robinsons case, is something that goes to the essence of a mans conscienceScout, I couldnt
go to church and worship God if I didnt try to help that man" -- reveals the
depth of Atticus' conscience and commitment to do what he believes is the right thing
irrespective of its popularity and the ridicule to which it will inevitably expose his family.
It is later in the series of exchanges Atticus has with his family, including Atticus' brother
Jack, in Chapter 9, that Atticus refers to his appointment to this case by Judge John
Taylor:

Before Im through, I intend to jar the jury a
bitI think well have a reasonable chance on appeal, though. I really cant tell at this stage,
Jack. You know, Id hoped to get through life without a case of this kind, but John Taylor
pointed at me and said, €˜Youre It.

It is in Chapter 9,
therefore, that Atticus reveals that he has taken this unpopular case because he was appointed
to it by the presiding judge. Atticus could have, conceivably, turned down the judge's request
that he defend Tom Robinson, crippled, desperately poor African American. It is emphasized,
however, that he accepted the case because of a moral imperative to display for his children and
to others his commitment to do what he believes is right.

 

 

What are some characteristics of David that Christians today should emulate? Why?

From a young age, David knew
that God could triumph over any giant in life. When he faced Goliath, the
Philistine scoffed at him because he was such a young boy. But David never wavered in his
confidence that God could help him be victorious under seemingly impossible circumstances. He
asserts,

You come against me with sword and spear and
javelin, but I come against you in the name of the Lord Almighty, the God of the armies of
Israel, whom you have defied. This day the Lord will deliver you into my hands, and Ill strike
you down and cut off your head. (1 Samuel 17:45-46)

When
enemies closed rank and the situation seemed an impossible feat, David relied on God for
deliverance, acknowledging His power through the battle.

David
proved himself a faithful friend. Following the battle, he proved his loyalty to
Saul and Jonathan:

After David had finished talking with
Saul, Jonathan became one in spirit with David, and he loved him as himself. From that day Saul
kept David with him and did not let him return home to his family. And Jonathan made a covenant
with David because he loved him as himself. Jonathan took off the robe he was wearing and gave
it to David, along with his tunic, and even his sword, his bow and his belt. Whatever mission
Saul sent him on, David was so successful that Saul gave him a high rank in the army. (1 Samuel
18:1-5)

David received expensive gifts that both connoted
his friends' faith in him and proved his loyalty as both a friend and a soldier. David was
willing to fight his friends' battles. He was willing to undertake his friends' struggles. He
aligned himself firmly on the side of whatever Saul and Jonathan faced. And because of that, he
was rewarded.

David allowed himself to be transformed by his
desperation and complete solitude in the cave. In Psalm 142, David's utter
desperation is felt in these cries:

Look and see, there is
no one at my right hand;
no one is concerned for me.
I have no
refuge;
no one cares for my life. (Psalm 142:4)

All Christians reach a metaphorical cave at some point in lifethe point at which there
seems to be no other solution, no other salvation, except God's grace. At this point in his
life, David realized that God alone could provide deliverance from his
trials:

Set me free from my
prison,
that I may praise your name.
Then the righteous will gather about
me
because of your goodness to me. (Psalm 142:7)

The desperation David felt led him to God and to the possibility of being reconstructed
after being broken down. David is careful to acknowledge God in his prayers for deliverance,
promising that if God will free him, David will give God the glory so that other believers'
faith can be strengthened. Great men and women allow themselves to be broken by God in order to
allow Him to reconstruct their lives into something of greater significance than it was
before.

David is open to listening to other faithful followers
in order to confront his own sin. After murdering Uriah so that he could conceal
his adulterous affair with Bathsheba, God sends Nathan to reveal the truth of David's sin, which
David has become blind to. David is quick to condemn adultery and murder when he thinks it is
another man, but when Nathan shows that David has committed the same sin, David has a choice. He
can cling to his sinful ways, or he can confront the truth of his choices. He chooses the
latter:

Then David said to Nathan, I have sinned against
the Lord. (2 Samuel 12:13)

Because he confesses his sin,
David is spared, but Nathan tells him that the son he has created through sin will die. David
pleads with the Lord to spare his son, but his child dies, anyway. David faces another choice at
this point which shows another character trait that Christians today can emulate.
Whenstrikes, David chooses to praise God, anyway:

David noticed that his attendants were whispering among themselves,
and he realized the child was dead. Is the child dead? he asked.

Yes,
they replied, he is dead.

Then David got up from the ground. After he had
washed, put on lotions and changed his clothes, he went into the house of the Lord and
worshiped. (2 Samuel 12:19-20)

David could have retreated
into anger, furious that God had not spared his sons or answered his prayers in the way David
wanted. However, David's actions show that he trusts God's plans and will worship him regardless
of circumstances and even if he cannot understand God's ways. He will worship God, even in
painfully difficult circumstances in life.

David understood
that life on Earth is temporary, so he should focus instead on things of eternal
importance:

Surely the lowborn are but a
breath, the highborn are but a lie. If weighed on a balance, they are nothing; together they are
only a breath. (Psalm 62:9)

Life on earth is
"nothing"a "breath." Those born into privilege are eternally no more
significant than the "lowborn." Death is the great equalizer, and what we do with our
lives that impacts eternity is the best way to utilize the life God gives us.

David didn't live the perfect life, and he surely stumbled along the path of life. But
David was also willing to submit himself to God's plans and even His punishments for his own
human failings, and this "man after God's own heart" continually sought to improve his
relationship with his creator.

how did the angels feel about the young lovers

The
speaker tells us that the angels were so envious of the happiness of the young lovers that they
causedto die by chilling her with a wind that "blew out of a cloud."

Probably what is more significant in the poem is the briefto Annabel Lee's
"kinsmen" who take her away from the speaker,

To
shut her up in a sepulchre

In this kingdom by the sea.

One wonders if the rationale of the angels' envy is in reality afor
other reasons that Annabel Lee is taken away. It is also not clear if her actual death occurs
before or after the kinsmen separate the two lovers. The angels can be seen as a stand-in for
purely earthly forces that cause him to lose his love, though he says his soul will never be
"dissevered" from hers.

Anyone who knows something of Poe's life
reflexively associates Annabel with Virginia Clemm, Poe's cousin and wife, whom he married in
1836 when she was 13 and he 27. Virginia died of consumption (tuberculosis) in 1847. Anis that
in the poem, Annabel Lee appears not to be related to the speaker but that a difference in
social class (her "highborn kinsmen") seems in some way responsible for her death. The
fact that the poem is so moving and memorable probably is at least partly due to our knowledge
of its real-life backstory. It's one in many instances through history in which art derives part
of its meaning from the artist's life, especially in the cases of those dying young, as both Poe
and Virginia did.

1. What is market efficiency? 2. Identify and distinguish between the different types of market structures; compare and contrast the similarities...

There are a
few different standards that can be used to define efficiency in an
economic sense, but the most commonly used is what we call Pareto
efficiency.

If a market is Pareto-efficient, it is impossible
to redistribute goods in such a way that we could make one person better off without making
anyone worse off.

I think this is worth explaining a bit further; at first
glance, many people often infer that Pareto efficiency is very easy to obtain. "Obviously,
if I take something from you and give it to someone else, you are worse off. Therefore it is
Pareto-efficient." This is incorrect. A market...

What is the point of view of the the poem "Annabel Lee"?

"" is
written in the first person. Poe refers to himself, and to himself as part of the couple.
"We loved with a love..." etc. When the author refers to himself or herself in writing
as "me", "I", "we" etc., the work is in first person. If he had
talked about Annabel Lee and her lover as "they", that would be third person--the
author would have removed himself from participation in the poem.

In literature, what is the Old English period?

For historical
background, Old English is one of the many precursors to the Modern
English language, and was spoken and written between the 5th and 12th centuries
C.E. (Wikipedia). It originated with the entrance of Germanic Anglo-Saxons. Latin
influence left from the Roman Britain period is not clearly discernible (OED). Old English was a
non-standardized collection of regional dialects, so there is no single dictionary for
translation as there was no single language.

The Old English literary Period
started sometime in the 5th century, but there are no surviving documents from that time to
serve as examples (runic texts and carvings allow the generalization of the time-frame). The
fluxtuatingemphases continued throughout the centuries until the 11th century, when it began to
change into Middle English based on the London dialect. Middle English held dominance until the
standardization of Modern English in the 16th and 17th centuries (the works of Shakespeare and
his contemporaries like Spenser and Philips are considered the first properly documented works
of Modern English). Therefore, the Old English Period would start sometime in the
5th century and last until the end of the 11th
century, when Old English became obsolete.

The most famous
work written in Old English is the epic poem Beowulf, of unknown
author, which is still translated and performed today. The oldest surviving Old English document
is C¦dmon's Hymn, from the 7th century, which
was originally a verbal poem and was never written down by the author. The href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/language-linguistics-and-literary-terms/language-and-linguistics/old-english">last
surviving document in Old English is a historical record,
the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle dated 1154, and shows the beginning
influence of Middle English. Middle English was Chaucer's period.

How did Jay Gatsby get all of his money in The Great Gatsby?

Like all
good novels,  contains elements of mystery. This is the case with 's
fortune. He throws elaborate parties and impresses everyone, but no one really knows where this
man came from and how he made his money. What makes Gatsby's wealth even more elusive is that he
never says how he made his money. When someone asked him, he simply said that was his business.
Here is the text:

I think he hardly knew what he was
saying, for when I asked him what business he was in he answered €˜Thats my affair, before he
realized that it wasnt the appropriate reply.

That...

What differences in the characters' underlying attitudes and values emerge from their conversation? Which character seems to be the more honest and...

The man
who is described only as the American is confronted by a problem which threatens his way of
life. The "girl" is pregnant and he wants her to have an abortion. She is obviously
the more honest and mature of the two. She wants to have the baby and settle down to a normal
life. She is fed up with their meaningless existence, with being strangers in a strange land.
She realizes that life offers very little in the way of happiness and that he has been chasinig
after an illusion while she has been simply following him. At one point she says:

That's all we do, isn't it--look at things and try new
drinks?"

Their heavy luggage with all the hotel
labels shows that they have been traveling around Europe for a long time. It is very cheap in
Europe in those days. The price of the first two beers they buy amounts to only about two cents
in American money.

Having the baby would mean that the man would have to
give up his vagabond life and get a steady job. He is selfish, but he is not a
complete...

What parallels are there between the Garden of Eden in the Old Testament in the Bible, and the garden in Hawthorne's short story, "Rappaccini's...

As
the other response has noted, "" is full of allusions to Adam, Eve, and the Garden of
Eden. Most notably, perhaps, is the fact that the story largely unfolds in a beautiful garden,
and that Beatrice (i.e. Eve) is a source of temptation to Giovanni (i.e. Adam). A lot of the
parallels in Hawthorne's story, however, are actually ironic reversals of the traditional
Biblical story, and I think it's worthwhile highlighting those as well.

First off, consider the fact that Rappaccini slowly inoculates Giovanni against the poisonous
plants in order to secure a companion for his daughter: "My daughter...thou art no longer
lonely in the world. Pluck one of those precious gems from thy sister shrub and bid thy
bridegroom wear it in his bosom." Rappaccini is in this sense a dark echo of the Abrahamic
God, who creates Eve so that Adam will not be "alone." The danger of playing God was a
mainstay of Romantic-era literature, so it's not surprising to see this theme at play
in...

Explain the final scene of Animal Farm when the animals watch pigs and men enjoy a banquet together.

Also,
this scene marks the total degradation of the original values the animals had when they first
started the revolution. They did not start a new society after all. Instead, the pigs became
just as power hungry as the men they set out to replace. Instead of living in equality, the pigs
simply replicated the imbalance of power that they were outraged by earlier in the novel. The
power in this scene is in the parity the pigs have achieved with the humans. They are corrupt,
and everything the animals worked for has been lost.

Was Chaucer's Age both medieval and modern? medievalist and renaissance spirit

The age of
Chaucer, which encompassed the second half of the fourteenth century, was a time of major change
in Chaucer's England and in Europe as a whole. Chaucer's famous workis evidence of one of these
changes, namely writing in the vernacular, which is often associated with modern
literature. 

But larger forces were changing as well, many of which may be
characterized as essentially modern. European kingdoms, notably England and France, began to
consolidate into what might be called nation-states, with strong bureaucracies and the ability
to collect taxes and marshal large military forces. The period also saw the decline of serfdom,
especially in England, where severe losses to the workforce due to the Black Death enable
agricultural laborers to negotiate wages.

Finally, the period saw increased
criticism of the Catholic Church, due to corruption and especially the absurdity of the
Babylonian Captivity and the Western Schism. One tangible critique of the Church emerged in
Chaucer's England itself, where John Wyclif translated the Bible into English, a heresy to the
medieval Church. A less tangible manifestation was the emergence of a secular spirit, one form
of which was humanism.

In summation, while Chaucer's age was still decidedly
medieval, it also saw many of the changes that historians associate with early modern
Europe.

href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages

How is The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde thematically similar to gothic literature and how does it differ? In what ways is it more Victorian...

First, it's not really useful to think of
"Victorian" and "Gothic" as two competing elements in this work.
"Gothic" is a genre; "Victorian" is not a genre, but an umbrella term
describing works of all genres produced during a certain period of time. As such, there are
characteristics of Victorian literature which we can find in Gothic literature of the timeand in
romantic literature, drama, and so on, without making the text any less of its own genre.
Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a Victorian Gothic work. This puts it in a
specific genre of its own which reframes Gothic elements in a Victorian context. We can track
the similarity between Victorian, or fin-de-siecle, Gothic works (such as Dorian Gray,
Dracula, The Island of Dr. Moreau) and first wave Gothic works (The Castle
of Otranto, The Monk, Frankenstein), while also observing how elements of the
Victorian have changed what Gothic means.

Strong Gothic elements in Dr Jekyll
and Mr Hyde include:

1. Mystery and the supernatural.
   Perhaps the key component of Gothic literature, this is also key to this story. The mystery of
   the connection between Jekyll and Hyde maintains tension throughout the story, while Hyde's
   misdeeds are presented in a suspenseful way. Meanwhile, there's obviously a supernatural element
   in Jekyll's transformation (or is there? More on that below).

2. 
   

   Isolation. Dr. Jekyll works primarily alone, which is why he is able to achieve what he
   does, away from the prying eyes of society.

3. The
   setting as character. While the setting in this novel, Victorian London, is dissimilar to the
   moor and castle settings of early Gothic novels, it is described equally as if it is an
   important part of the plot and theme of the novels, and used to create .

Meanwhile, Victorian preoccupations which have made their way into the text
include:

1. Class. Victorian literature often explored
   questions of class and society; in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the tension between the well-to-do
   professional classes and the dubious lower classes is encapsulated in one person and his two
   halves. The "bad" part, Mr. Hyde, symbolizes the part of us we try to repress, or the
   part of society the upper classes like to pretend is not there.

2. 
   

   The tension between science and religion or the
   "when does a scientist
   become a man
   playing God"? See point 1 aboveat what point does science,
   sufficiently advanced, become something supernatural, and something with which mankind should
   not meddle? Dr. Jekyll meddles in affairs beyond his understanding, to his detriment. Note,
   however, that this science/religion question is not unique to Victorian literature, but had
   already been evolvingand seen as something to be explored in Gothic textssince Mary Shelley
   wrote Frankenstein in 1816.

Now,
as stated, "Victorian Gothic" is understood to be its own genre. As such, it has its
own particular defining features which show the influence of both Gothic literature and
Victorian preoccupations and which we can find in this text, such as:

1. Duality. The duality of man, and of society, is absolutely key to
   Victorian Gothic and can be found in all the major texts. While a man is seen to be respectable,
   on the one hand, some part of him is actually prowling the underworld of Victorian London. This
   betrays Victorian concerns about the hypocrisy of London, which, on the one hand, was a very
   class-focused, genteel society and, on the other, played host to Jack the Ripper and child
   prostitution. We also find duality explored in other Victorian textsthink The
   Importance of Being Earnestbut it's a defining feature of Victorian Gothic.

   
   

So, rather than asking what parts of this text are Gothic and
which are Victorian, it's easier to explore how it represents the revival of the Gothic genre
within a Victorian context.

Was the Reconstruction Era revolutionary in American history? If so, wouldn't the counter-revolution against it be more significant?

The
reconstruction era actually was revolutionary for important
reasons. It was duringthat the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution was passed. This
Amendment is considered the most important addition to the Constitution since its inception, as
it made all people born or naturalized in any state citizens. This effectively overruled the
Dred Scott decision by which Scott had been denied relief as he was not a citizen. The due
process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment also prohibits states from depriving any citizen of
life, liberty or property without due process of law; as well as denying any citizen the equal
protection of the law. Although its implementation was slow and somewhat staggered ( as in the
"separate but equal" doctrine adopted by the Court in Plessy vs.
Ferguson, ) the Fourteenth Amendment effectively extended the protections of the Bill
of Rights to cover...

What is the writer's goal in "Everyday Use" by Alice Walker?

carol-davis

"" by   was written in the 1970s when the black people were just beginning to
look for their roots in Africa.  The book Roots and the mini series by Alex
Hailey had certainly stimulated this interest.

Black power and the Black
muslims raised different issues for the black person.  These movements found support from those
who were not satisfied in the progress in integration, equality, and economic growth of the
black communities. 

Although the Black Muslims had been accused of killing
Malcolm X, there were many who were believers in the religion. Those who joined the Black
muslims were often sincere; however, some became interested in the controversy and found a place
for protest.

Alice Walker wrote often of her
distaste for the African-American who was only interested in his blackness and
not in his country now.  She believed that in order to make America better the black man must
build here first and along with his interest in his African heritage. ...

In 1984, why does O'Brien say prisoners are brought to the Ministry of Love?

In Book 3,
Chapter 2 of s ,is being tortured and interrogated by OBrien. This is a
crucial section of the story because it reveals the true intentions of Big Brother (aka the
state). Ironically, the location for this section is referred to as the Ministry of Love. What
Winston and the other prisoners endure here is, to our way of thinking, anything but love. We
would probably call it something more like the Ministry of Brainwashing or the Ministry of
Torture.

The readers, like Winston, assume that the states goal is to punish
wayward citizens and to frighten them into behaving appropriately. However, as Winstons
interrogation proceeds, the reader sees that OBrien is not simply torturing him for information
or to change his behavior, but is actually trying to change his thought process. This idea is
demonstrated as OBrien holds up four fingers and asks Winston to tell him how many fingers he
sees. Winston insists that he sees four until the pain of the torture becomes too great, and he
seems to begin to doubt that he really sees four. OBrien is making him compliant, able to
believe what he is told even if it flies in the face of reason and common sense.

Finally, near the end of this sequence, OBrien tells Winston what the ultimate goal of
the torture process is:

We shall squeeze you empty, and
then we shall fill you with ourselves.

So, the Ministry
of Love functions to create citizens that will obey the state not only out of fear, but also
because they have been brainwashed to believe that the state is actually right about
everything.

Why is King George III considered a tyrant?

To answer
this question, first you need to define and understand what the term tyrant means. A tyrant is
typically described as an absolute ruler unrestrained by law or constitution. These types of
leaders are usually also cruel and ruthless in their dispositionthink Genghis Khan, Adolf Hitler
and Joseph Stalin. Should George III of England be placed in this category? That is debatable,
and this discussion mainly stems from his handling and rule of the American colonies, as well as
the mental illness he suffered from later in life.

Ascending to the throne
in 1760, King George III of England ruled for 59 years. Early in his reign, he...

href="https://www.history.com/topics/british-history/george-iii">https://www.history.com/topics/british-history/george-iii

In what way is "Phoenix" an appropriate name for the main character "A Worn Path"?

""
is the story of an old woman's journey from her country home into town to buy medicine. Along
the way, the main character, Phoenix, falls down into a gulley. Since she is in a remote area,
it is difficult to know how she will get out.

The title is a play on words,
since Phoenix is also "worn out." She always takes the same path, one she knows, so it
is implied that she wears out the path over the years. But there is alsoin this fact, since the
path offers many surprises on this trip.

During her walk, she meets thorny
brush, a black dog, and a hunter. Each time an obstacle comes her way, she manages to deal with
it, but her falling down the hill into the ditch is theof the story. The hunter helps her, but
the reader isn't sure at first if he will.

Although Phoenix does receive
some help, much of her journey is difficult and somewhat ambiguous. She is getting medicine, but
it's not totally clear if that will solve her nephew's problem. She receives help from
the...

What is the distinction between the Byzantine Empire and the Roman Empire?

The Byzantine
Empire is distinguished from the Roman Empire largely by geography, culture, and
religion.

The Byzantine Empire had its origins in the Roman Empire. 
Beginning in the 300s AD, Constantinople essentially became the capital of the Roman Empire in
the East.  This split with Rome became official in 395.  At that point, it was still the Eastern
Roman Empire, not the Byzantine Empire.

The Byzantine Empire came to differ
from the Roman or Western Roman Empire in a number of ways.  Geographically, it was centered in
the East, with the capital in Constantinople which is in what is now Turkey.  The Byzantines did
briefly conquer and control Italy, but for the most part, this was an eastern empire. 
Culturally, the Byzantine Empire was Greek, not Roman, with Latin eventually falling out of use
completely.  In terms of religion, it was built as a Christian empire from its beginnings,
instead of being an empire built on pagan foundations as the West was.

All of
these are ways in which the two empires are distinct even though the one gave rise to the
other.

What is the role of O'Brien in the third part (Part 3) of "1984" by George Orwell? Why is he important?

's role in
the third part of  is to reprogram 's thoughts so that he internalizes the
values of the Party. Winston's fundamental crime lies not in what he did, though that is
criminal too, but what he thought. He believed he could think differently from the government,
and he thought he could rebel and win against the government. O'Brien's role is to show him that
the government is all powerful, and that he, Winston, is nothing.

O'Brien
does this through torture but also by revealing that the government knew all along everything
Winston was doing. Big Brother and his spies truly were watching him. They were reading his
journal and replacing the speck of dust. They were filming his affair with . They were ahead of
him every step of the way. Challenging them was futile.

O'Brien has two other
tasks. First, he must get Winston to truly believe that whatever the government says is true is
the truth. That is why Winston must come to believe, not just pretend to believe, that two plus
two equals five. He must not have independent thoughts.

Finally, O'Brien must
rid Winston of his illusion that he is a person of integrity, thus destroying his sense of
humanity. He does this by getting him to betray Julia.

O'Brien is important
because he is the face of the totalitarian government and fully explains its beliefs while
demonstrating its power and what it will to do to a person to ensure complete obedience.  He is
Big Brother personified, and it is not a pleasant picture. 

What are the three sections of the book of Exodus in the Torah or Bible?

Different
scholars place the divisions between sections of the book of Exodus in slightly different
places. However, the three general topics covered in the book can be separated in approximately
these groups:

The first section of the book, chapter 1 verse 1 through
chapter 15, verse 21, tells the story of the Israelites being freed from slavery in Egypt. It
explains the conditions under which the Hebrews were living and working, tells the birth and
growth to adulthood of Moses, chronicles the ten plagues as Moses and Aaron communicate with
Pharoah, and records the Passover and exit from Egypt with the crossing of the Red
Sea.

The second section, chapter 15, verse 22 through chapter 24, verse 18,
tells of the travels to Mount Sinai, the meeting between Moses and God and the giving of the
tablets recording the Ten Commandments, and the development of further laws to guide the people
and their living as based on the Commandments.

The third section, chapter 25
through the end of the book, describes the Covenant Tent and its furnishings, which the Hebrews
are to construct and give to God for His dwelling place and their center of worship.
Instructions for how to make the needed items and how they were to be used are
given.

href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus

What is the true purpose of torture at the Ministry of Love in George Orwell's 1984? Refer to specific details from the novel.

explains
tothat he is insane to oppose the Party. The purpose of the torture O'Brien inflicts is to show
Winston that power is expressed most fully in forcing others to suffer, but more importantly, to
reintegrate Winston into the Party.

O'Brien describes power as the boot
stamping the human face and his torture of Winston expresses O'Brien's absolute control over his
victim. O'Brien uses that control, however, not only to compel Winston's outward obedience. He
tortures Winston to convince him to believe that truth is subjective: it is whatever the Party
tells him it is. For example, when Winston avers that two plus two equals five but doesn't
really believe it, O'Brien twists the back-breaking pain meter up high. Winston needs to really
believe that two plus two equals five, not simply pay lip service to the idea or practice
outward conformity while continuing to think otherwise inwardly. Finally, O'Brien tortures
Winston using his deepest fear, of being devoured by rats, to force him to betray . Once he has
betrayed her, Winston has nothing left to cling to and can fill his inner emptiness with worship
of Big Brother. Thus, torture acts to allow the Party to control Winston body, mind and
soul.

List examples of popular sovereignty, political equality, and political liberty that can be found in the Constitution.

This
answer will only consider the Constitution itself, the product of the Philadelphia Convention,
not the amendments that followed.

Popular sovereignty is perhaps best
defined as the theory that political power in a government ultimately rests with the people,
rather than a unified sovereign in the form of a king. The Constitution makes it clear that its
powers are derived from the people in the opening three words of the Preamble: "We the
People." In short, the document, or more accurately the government established by the
document, was given its authority by the people. Elsewhere, Article I, Section 2 establishes
that the members of the House of Representatives will be chosen by "the People of the
several States" in biennial elections. This is the most direct statement of popular
sovereignty in the Constitution, which, prior to the adoption of amendments, did not require
that the people could choose senators. The President, of course, is chosen by the Electoral
College, and no...

href="https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/article/article-i">https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/a...
href="https://teachingamericanhistory.org/resources/bor/four-freedoms/">https://teachingamericanhistory.org/resources/bor/four-fr...

Describe the character Ruth (such as her age, what she looks like, how she behaves, her disease etc.) from Laurie Halse Anderson's novel Chains.

Details
about Ruth, the younger sister of the narrator of s novel emerge
gradually as the story progresses, but they do emerge.  Ruth is Isabels five-year-old sister
("She is five years old . . . and you sold her away from me"), who suffers from
epilepsy.  Both girls have also been exposed to and developed symptoms of Small Pox, which had
killed their mother, evident in the following passage from Chapter 1:

Small pox is tricky, Miss Mary Finch said to me when Momma died. 
Theres no telling who itll take.  The pox had left Ruth and me with scars like tiny stars
scattered on our skin.

Indications that Ruth suffers from
multiple conditions creep out slowly, as when Isabel comments later in that chapter that Ruth
stayed in the wagon, her bare feet curled up under her skirt and her thumb in her mouth.  It is
in Chapter 3, however, that more information is revealed regarding Ruths health.  Isabel, in her
narration, describes her sister in terms that suggest mental impairment as well as a potentially
serious neurological condition:

Ruth was simple-minded
and prone to fits, which spooked ignorant folks.  Noise could bring them on, as well as a state
of nervous excitement.

Later in the novel, after Isabel
and Ruth have been purchased by the Locktons, a cruel couple, Ruth experiences another of her
seizures, to which Madam Lockton responds in terror:

She
has the devil in her!  No, madam, its an illness! I cried.  An ailment, nothing more.  Madam
brought the broom down on the small twisted body.  Ruth couldnt raise her hands to protect
herself.  The seizure held her fast . . .

That Ruths
fits are, in fact, seizures caused by epilepsy is confirmed in Andersons acknowledgements to
those who aided in her research on the era depicted:  Thank you Forrest Ainsile of
Philadelphia for the information about the treatment of epilepsy.  Epilepsy was a seriously
misunderstood ailment for much of human history, with epileptic seizures commonly mistaken for
signs of Satanic possession or for mental illness.  Ruths seizures, skin lesions from the small
pox, and refusal to speak for the first part of the story all lead the whites who cross the
girls path to interpret these as signs of simple-mindedness, which makes her expendable.  When
Ruth is sold again and moved to the West Indies, separating her from her older sister and
caregiver, the trauma is heartbreaking. 

Describe Mr. Pignati from Zindel's The Pigman.

Mr. Pignati is
an older gentleman who lives alone on Howard Avenue. His wife died awhile back, but he tells
people that she is on vacation in California. He has a fun and interesting personality and he
doesn't mind smiling a lot. He is also generous because when two teenagers, John and Lorraine,
ask him for ten dollars for a fake charity, he willingly gives it to them. He invites the
teenagers to get to know him better by joining him at his favorite place--the zoo. He introduces
them to his best friend, Bobo, a baboon. Mr. Pignati is also generous because he buys the kids
skates and then allows them to skate around in his house. He also winds up being like a father
to Lorraine because he even buys her nylons that she needs, which she appreciates greatly. Mr.
Pignati is so kind and generous that he fills a void in the tennagers' lives since both have
issues at home with their own parents. In the end, he dies of a heart attack, but the kids are
so grateful to him that they write a memorial book in his honor
called .

What happens to Boxer and how do the other animals learn of his fate? How do they come to a final conclusion about these events?

is the
most tragic character in the book. He is hardest working animal and he does genuinely believe in
the revolution. His mottos are famously, "I will work harder," and " is always
right." 

As to what happens to him, there are two storylines. 

First, according to Napoleon, he is taken to this animal hospital and taken care of
before he dies. He was cared for, loved, and honored. Napoleon is obviously lying to make
himself look better. 

Second, there is what really happened, which is
intimated early on whenpredicts what Jones will do:

You,
Boxer, the very day that those great muscles of yours lose their power, Jones will sell you to
the knacker, who will cut your throat and boil you down for the foxhounds.

After Boxer serves the farm with all his might and grows ill and
cannot continue to work, Napoleon sells Boxer to the...

What were the different views of the decision to drop the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

The
Americans did not understand the power of the atomic bomb until it was actually dropped. It was
just another weapon of war, a bigger bomb. It wasn't enough to say they had such a bomb without
using it. They had to prove that they had it and would use it. No doubt there was an intention
to impress the Soviet Union. No doubt the Americans knew it would force Japan to surrender
without an invasion or further bombardment with tremendous casualties--but that was doing them a
favor by giving them a chance to "save face." The Americans had to drop two atomic
bombs to demonstrate to Japan and to the world that they had more than one of these weapons and
could build more. Japan may have been willing to surrender before the two bombs
were...

Give an analysis of how Walter's dream is deferred or realized by the end of the play A Raisin in the Sun.

What
other responses fail to analyze much is what s underlying dream actually represents. While
Walter thinks that his latest business venture will lead to financial success, his underlying
desire to become financially independent is motivated by something deeper.

Walter feels as though his racial identity has relegated him to an unsatisfying life of
inferiority. He believes that achieving financial success will bring his family happiness, but
what is most important to him is the respect he believes society will show him once he becomes
rich. The promise of the American Dreamthat anyone can have freedom and successappeals to Walter
because he wrongly thinks this will remove societys ability to control him.

The reason Walters liquor store dream must fail is the same reasons medical school
dream must fail. Both of the Younger children place too much value on money and traditional
measures of success. Hansbury shows that dreams predicated on a dead mans...

Compare and contrast Sikhism and Christianity with the following: Monotheism or Pluralism, Salvation, Afterlife, Heaven/Hell, Suffering and Justice,...

Comparing and contrasting two religions as
diverse as Christianity and Sikhism would require an answer beyond the scope of what we can
provide here. However, Ive tried my best to do a brief comparative analysis of the fundamental
aspects of the two faiths.

To begin with, Sikhism is an Indic religion
founded in the late medieval period (the end of the fifteenth century), while Christianity is an
Abrahamic religion which began 2,000 years ago. Although at first look the religions seem
completely different, there are some interesting similarities between their points of origin.
Both religions are Asian in origin: Sikhism began in Punjab, in undivided pre-independence
India, while Christianity arose in the ancient middle east. The roots of Christianity are
interlinked with a response to the corruption in Judaic society, and Sikhism was a rebuttal to
some of the more dubious practices of Hinduism, such as the caste system. Just like Jesus Christ
was born in the Jewish faith, Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, was raised a Hindu. Both
Christ and Guru Nanak were revolutionaries in their own way, preaching equality and love that
undercut ossified rituals rampant in their respective societies. Both Jesus Christ and Guru
Nanak were known to mingle with the poor and the needy freely; further neither of the two wrote
down their own teachings. The teachings of Christ were transmitted by his disciples and composed
in the Gospels that make up the New Testament much after his death, while little is known of
Guru Nanaks life. Most of Guru Nanaks teachings were carried forward and compiled by the other
nine Sikh Gurus, the final version of whichcompiled by Guru Gobind Singhis the Sikh holy book,
the Guru Granth Sahib. Unlike the New Testaments focus on Christ, the
Guru Granth Sahib does not recount the life of Guru Nanak. Rather it
focuses on the philosophy and teachings of Sikhism.

Further, Christianity,
like all three Abrahamic faiths, is monotheisticor believes in the existence of one God, as we
can see in this quote from the Bible (emphasis mine):

Jesus answered, "The foremost is, 'HEAR, O ISRAEL! THE LORD OUR GOD IS ONE LORD;
(Gospel of Mark, English Standard Version)

Although
Hinduismthe religion Sikhism rose in response tois polytheistic and pantheistic, that is it
believes in the existence of many gods, and believes God is all material reality or the universe
itself, we must note that Sikhism is a separate faith from Hinduism. Sikhism can be said to be
monotheistic, with pantheistic elements, as we see in the beginning of the first verse of the
Guru Granth Sahib:

There is One and
only One God who is transcendent as well as immanent. His name is true and eternal....(Ek Onkar
Satnam)

Yet, the monotheism of Christianity and Sikhism
has subtle differences. In Christianity, salvation was traditionally possible only for
Christians. However, in Sikhism, salvation is available for people of all faiths, even
non-Sikhs. While in Christianity, Jesus is considered the son of God, and a divinity himself, in
Sikhism, Guru Nanak and all other subsequent Sikh Gurus are divine teachers. The eternal God of
Sikhism is formless and all-pervading. Discussing the Indic concept of the Guru is important in
this respect: in Indian thought, a Guru is extremely important, and a guide to self-realization.
Though the Gurus are revered and respected, we must remember that the God in Sikhism is truly
abstract.

When it comes to the afterlife, Sikhism has more in common with
Indic religions like Hinduism and Buddhism, than Christianity. In Christianity, there is an
afterlife, with heaven and hell being physical realities. The righteous earn eternal life or
salvation, while unrepentant sinners migrate into eternal punishment.

"And these will go away into eternal punishment, but the
righteous into eternal life. (Matthew, English Standard Version)

And

"Depart from me, you who are cursed, into the eternal fire
prepared for the devil and his angels. For I was hungry and you gave me nothing to eat, I was
thirsty and you gave me nothing to drink, I was a stranger and you did not invite me in, I
needed clothes and you did not clothe me, I was sick and in prison and you did not look after
me....whatever you did not do for one of the least of these, you did not do for me."
(Matthew, ESV)

However, some contemporary theological
interpretations say Hell is more a state of sinfulness and torment in Christianity, than an
actual place. Similarly, Heaven is the state of being in Gods grace.

In
contrast, Sikhism does not believe in the afterlife, heaven, or hell. It believes in the theory
of reincarnation and the transmigration of souls. Once a person is dead, their bodies perish,
while their soul, the part of the universal spirit which lives in them"like a reflection in
a mirror or fragrance within a flower" in the words of the Gurbaniis reborn into another
body. Life is a persons chance to do good and accumulate enough merits or good karma to attain
mukti or nirvana and unite with the ultimate reality. Significantly, salvation in the Christian
sense, and nirvana in the Sikh sense are not interchangeable. While salvation is eternal life,
nirvana is freedom from the cycle of birth and death. To put a contemporary spin on it, it is
becoming one with the universe. In Sikhism this "one" is the eternal, abstract
God.

To come to themes of works, deeds, and justice, both Sikhism and
Christianity, being iconoclastic in conception, have a keen sense of justice. Both religions
believe in the equality of all humansthough in Christianity, unlike Sikhism, there is a sense of
the chosen people. Yet both religions are egalitarian. Doing good deeds in both is equated
with doing good unto other human beings and the community, rather than performing rituals.
Charity and service are very important virtues in both religions. For instance, distributing
free meals at Sikh temples or gurudwaras is considered an important practice in the faith.
Similarly, in Christianity, tithing, a concept with its roots in Judaism, is considered
important. Tithing or apportioning a percentage of ones income for charity is also practiced in
Sikhism, as what is known as dasvandh or giving away ten percent of your income to the
poor.

Journalist and Sikh historian Khushwant Singh makes an important
observation about this and other similar practices in his book History of the
Sikhs. Singh notes that Sikhism adopted some of the best practices of Hinduism and
Islam. Since Sikhisms founder Guru Nanak lived in fifteenth century India, while Punjab was
under Mughal rule, he was exposed to Islamic influences as well. Strikingly, charity and the One
God are fundamental tenets of Islam as well. However, Singh notes, Sikhism also has several
distinct practices from Hinduism and Islam.

Coming to suffering, in Sikhism
it is a part of human reality. Belief in God does not give one a free pass from human suffering,
however, through reciting the naam or the name of the One God, suffering is alleviated. We can
understand alleviated to mean easily borne, in this sense. Suffering is often the consequence
of ones own past karma, and through undergoing suffering while doing good deeds, one can hack
away accumulated bad karma. In Christianity, it is important to note that suffering is not a
consequence of past action. Suffering is either a result of circumstance, or an act of Satan, or
the gateway to redemption. The theme of suffering in Christianity is very closely linked with
the suffering of Christ. Bodily suffering is seen as reliving the agony of Jesus, and paves the
way for renewal and eternal life. Some Christians, like author C. S. Lewis, believed that
suffering is a way of reminding Christians that this life is not their final destination, as we
see in the following quote.

The Christian doctrine of
suffering explains, I believe, a very curious fact about the world we live in. The settled
happiness and security which we all desire, God withholds from us by the nature of the world:
but joy, pleasure, and merriment He has scattered broadcast...The security we crave would teach
us to rest our hearts in this world and oppose an obstacle to our return to God...Our Father
refreshes us on the journey with some pleasant inns, but will not encourage us to mistake them
for home.

In Sikhism, justice follows both the Indic
principle of karma, as well as the Sikh rules of ethics, as listed in many rahitnamas or codes
of conduct, the chief among them being The Rehat Maryada. This exhorts
Sikhs to behave fairly and justly towards each other, and comply with the law of the land. It
also gives Sikhs their religious duties, which include reciting the naam of the One God,
abstaining from ritual and idol worship, and participating in hard work. In the Christian
tradition, justice is equated with the Divine Justice of Christ. As Tristin S. Hassell notes in
the Encyclopedia of Global Justice:

The classical conception of justice as suum cique (to each what is due) is redefined by
the Christ-even obstacle to our return to God...Our Father refreshes us on the journey with some
pleasant inns, but will not encourage us to mistake them for home.t, Gods activity in and for
the world. For Christians, all moral, political, and philosophical concepts are revealed and
sustained in their fullness by Jesus Christ.

Tenets like
knowledge and devotion are rooted in the particular milieu of the two religions. In
Christianity, knowledge in the sense of scholarship does not hold the same primacy as it does in
Judaism. Christ and his teachings are the font of all knowledge, indeed epistemology itself, and
realizing the self through Christ is the end-goal of knowledge. In Sikhism, the concept of
knowledge is influences by the Indian medieval bhakti and sufi traditions. A Sikh literally
means a learner. Humility to learn, especially through the Guru Granth Sahib, typifies the
Sikh and reciting the Ik Namthe name of the One Godis paramount. The name of the One God is the
seed of knowledge. The end of knowledge, however, is self-realization, much like in Hinduism and
Buddhism. Devotion in Sikhism involves worship to the abstract, and through Sikhs revere Guru
Nanak and the other Gurus, Nanak himself forbade the fetishization of idol worship:

The ignorant fools pick up stones and worship them,
But
when those stones themselves sink, who will carry you across.

Rather than worship the Gurus, Sikhs worship the signs of God, such as the divine
lamp-flame or jot and the Guru Granth Sahib. Christians, too, do not pray
to idols, but since Jesus Christ, and his Mother Mary are considered deified, they are
worshiped. Here, I must add, that we have so far been deliberately speaking of Christianity as a
blanket term; however the faith is extremely diverse, with branches such as Catholicism and
Protestantism, and denominations, such as the Catholic Church, the Anglican Church, the Lutheran
Church and so on. Although Sikhism has a few sects, it does not have as many diverse branches as
Christianity. This is because of two reasons: One, founded in the late 15th century, Sikhism is
still a relatively new religion, whereas Christianity has been around for 2,000 years. Two,
Sikhism is a deliberately lean religion, since it was a response to the baroque corruption of
the Indian society of its time. Therefore, its tenets are simple and unifying: Pray to the One
God, recite The Name, and Practice Charity. Traditional Sikhs also emphasize wearing the code of
the five €˜k signs: kesh (hair), kada (bracelet), kirpan (sword), kangha (comb), and kaccha
(innerwear). Christianity does not have a comparable code.

Lastly, one major
differentiation between Christianity and Sikhism involves the attitudes of the two religions to
pacifism and martial duties. Even though the spread of Christianity was violent in practice
(through the Crusades), the teachings of Jesus Christ were largely pacifist.

You have heard that it was said, "An eye for an eye and a tooth
for a tooth." But I say to you, Do not resist the one who is evil. But if anyone slaps you
on the right cheek, turn to him the other also. (Matthew, ESV)

There is no reference to the martial duty of Christians in the New Testament.

However, Sikhism has a martial component, as codified by the tenth and last living Sikh
Guru, Guru Gobind Singh. Although Sikhism began as a egalitarian, simple religion, its growing
popularity invited persecution of the Sikh community and the Sikh Gurus in particular, by the
Mughal rulers of India. After the ninth Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur was beheaded by the Emperor
Aurangzeb for defending non-Muslims from religious persecution, Guru Gobind Singh founded the
Khalsaor the pure ones, the true Sikhs who would carry the kirpan (sword) and defend the
powerless. Thus, martial duty was included in the Sikh code of conduct, which is why traditional
Sikhs still sometimes keep ceremonial swords at home. However, the scope of this ceremonial duty
was purely defensive. Further, it is not actively practiced any more.

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