When looking
atin , one thing to be aware of is the overall structure of The
Odyssey as an epic poem. It begins in the middle of the story, long after the Cyclops
episode has taken place. Odysseus's encounter with Polyphemus has already happened and is long
past, even as it has yet to be recounted in the narrative itself. A significant portion of
The Odyssey involves Odysseus recounting his tale to the Phaecians, who
offer him hospitality when he washes up on their shores. This structure allows future events to
be alluded to quite boldly, in ways which would be much more difficult to achieve had it
followed a more conventional story structure, running linearly from beginning to end.
The Odyssey begins while Odysseus is trapped by Calypso, towards
the end of his many wanderings, and while Odysseus languishes in the nymph's keeping, we see the
gods discussing what to do about him. There, Zeus mentions the following, in response to Athena
(Odysseus's chief advocate among the Olympians):
Now, how
on earth could I forget Odysseus? . . . No, it's the Earth-Shaker, Poseidon, unappeased, forever
fuming against him for the Cyclops whose giant eye he blinded: godlike Polyphemus, towering over
all the Cyclops' clans in power. (Fagles, Book 1, lines 77-84).
This is in the very beginning of The Odyssey, and already we have
some sense of the wrath that Odysseus has engendered from Poseidon, and the reason for
it.
Later, as we are introduced to the Phaecians themselves, we learn more
about the Cyclops collectively. As the poem tells us:
years ago they lived in a land of spacious dancing-circles, Hyperia, all too close to
the overbearing Cyclops, stronger, violent brutes who harried them without end.
(Fagles, Book 6, lines 4-7) Already, we know that Odysseus had
blinded a Cyclops and earned the enmity of the god of the sea, now we have more of an idea of
the kind of people Polyphemus belonged to, and can form additional expectations as to the nature
of this encounter, one that still has yet to be revealed to us. Finally we witness Odysseus
announcing his identity to his rescuers, and begin reciting the various adventures and hardships
that had brought him before them: only then do we visit Odysseus's encounter with the Cyclops.
(Fagles, Book 9).
In his account, Odysseus frames the episode
thusly:
From there we sailed on . . . and reached the land
of the high and mighty Cyclops, lawless brutes, who trust so to the everlasting gods they never
plant with their own hands or plow the soil. . . . They have no meeting place for council, no
laws either, . . . each a law to himself, ruling his wives and children, not a care in the world
for any neighbor. (Fagles, Book 9, lines 118-128)
Now we
know that they are lawless, part of a culture which exists outside the bounds and rules of
civilization (which is a common theme in The Odyssey). Even though he is
only beginning this part of the story, between what we know already and what he's just told us,
we can already infer much about the opponent he is about to face, that this is someone both
hostile and powerful, and we already have some idea as to the way this encounter will end (and
what this resolution will mean for Odysseus going forwards). All this and we have yet to meet
Polyphemus himself.
Note: The following translation was
used in preparing this response: , The Odyssey. Translated by Robert
Fagles. New York: Viking Penguin, 1996.
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